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{{Short description|Regent of Hungary from 1920 to 1944}}
{{redirect|Horthy|the surname|Horthy (surname)}}
{{Hungarian name|nagybányai Horthy Miklós}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[His Serene Highness]] ''[[Vitéz]]''
| honorific-suffix = Prince of Otranto & Szeged
| image = Horthy the regent.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Official portrait, 1920
| office = [[Regent of Hungary]]
| term_start = 1 March 1920
| term_end = 15 October 1944
| monarch = Vacant
| primeminister = {{list collapsed|title=''See list''|1= [[Károly Huszár]] [[Sándor Simonyi-Semadam|S. Simonyi-Semadam]] [[Pál Teleki]] [[István Bethlen]] [[Gyula Károlyi]] [[Gyula Gömbös]] [[Kálmán Darányi]] [[Béla Imrédy]] [[Pál Teleki]] {{nowrap|[[Ferenc Keresztes-Fischer|F. Keresztes-Fischer]] (acting)}} [[László Bárdossy]] {{nowrap|[[Ferenc Keresztes-Fischer|F. Keresztes-Fischer]] (acting)}} [[Miklós Kállay]] [[Döme Sztójay]] [[Géza Lakatos]]}}
| deputy = [[István Horthy]] (1942)
| predecessor = [[Károly Huszár]] (acting)
| successor = [[Ferenc Szálasi]]a
| birth_name = Miklós Horthy de Nagybánya
| birth_date = {{birth date|1868|06|18|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kenderes]], [[Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen|Hungary]], [[Austria-Hungary]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1957|02|9|1868|07|18|df= y}}
| death_place = [[Estoril]], [[Lisbon District|Lisbon]], [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Portugal]]
| nationality =
| spouse = {{marriage| [[Magdolna Purgly]]|22 July 1901}}
| children = 4, including [[István Horthy|István]] and [[Miklós Horthy Jr.|Miklós]]
| parents = István Horthy Paula Halassy
| signature = Miklos Horthy signature.svg
| nickname =
| footnotes = <hr/>a. As Leader of the Nation.
| allegiance = {{flag|Austria-Hungary}}
| branch = {{naval|Austria-Hungary}}
| serviceyears = 1896–1918
| commands = Flottenkommandant
| rank = [[Vice Admiral]]
| battles = [[World War I]]
}}

'''Miklós Horthy de Nagybánya''' ({{lang-hu|[[Vitéz]]<ref>"Vitéz" refers to a Hungarian knightly order founded by Miklós Horthy ("[[Vitézi Rend]]"); literally, "vitéz" means "knight" or "valiant".</ref> nagybányai Horthy Miklós}}; {{IPA-hu|ˈviteːz ˈnɒɟbaːɲɒi ˈhorti ˈmikloːʃ}}; English: '''Nicholas Horthy''';<ref>Owen Rutter, Averil Mackenzie-Grieve, Lily Doblhoff (baroness.): Regent of Hungary: the authorized life of Admiral Nicholas Horthy</ref> {{lang-de|Nikolaus Horthy von Nagybánya}}; 18 June 1868 – 9 February 1957), was a Hungarian [[admiral]] and statesman who served as the [[Regent of Hungary|regent]] of the [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Kingdom of Hungary]] [[Hungary between the two world wars|between the two World Wars]] and most of [[World War II]] – from 1 March 1920 to 15 October 1944.

Horthy started his career as a [[Junior lieutenant|sub-lieutenant]] in the [[Austro-Hungarian Navy]] in 1896, and attained the rank of [[rear admiral]] in 1918. He saw action in the [[Battle of the Strait of Otranto (1917)|Battle of the Strait of Otranto]] and became [[commander-in-chief]] of the Navy in the last year of [[World War I]]; he was promoted to [[vice admiral]] and commander of the Fleet when [[Charles I of Austria|Emperor-King Charles]] dismissed the previous admiral from his post following mutinies. During the [[revolutions and interventions in Hungary (1918–1920)|revolutions and interventions in Hungary]] from [[Czechoslovakia]], [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]], and [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]], Horthy returned to [[Budapest]] with the [[Royal Hungarian Army|National Army]]; the [[National Assembly (Hungary)|parliament]] subsequently invited him to become regent of the kingdom. Through the [[interwar period]] Horthy led an administration which was [[national conservative]] and [[antisemitic]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%201149.pdf}}</ref><ref>John Laughland: ''A History of Political Trials: From Charles I to Saddam Hussein'', Peter Lang Ltd, 2008</ref> Hungary under Horthy banned the [[Hungarian Communist Party]] as well as the [[Arrow Cross Party]], and pursued an [[irredentist]] foreign policy in the face of the 1920 [[Treaty of Trianon]]. Emperor [[Charles I of Austria|Charles I of Austria-Hungary]], the former king, attempted twice to return to [[Hungary]] before the Hungarian government caved in to [[Allies of World War I|Allied]] threats to renew hostilities in 1921. Charles was then escorted out of [[Hungary]] into exile.

Ideologically a [[national conservatism|national conservative]], Horthy has sometimes been labeled as [[fascism|fascist]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hungarianfreepress.com/2017/07/06/orbans-explicit-praise-of-horthy-is-a-denial-of-hungarys-fascist-past/|title = Orbán's explicit praise of Horthy is a denial of Hungary's fascist past|date = 6 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ushmm.org/information/press/press-releases/museum-condemns-attempts-to-rehabilitate-hungarian-fascist-leader|title=Museum Condemns Attempts to Rehabilitate Hungarian Fascist Leader — United States Holocaust Memorial Museum}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.activenews.ro/stiri/La-Cluj-e-comemorat-dictatorul-fascist-Horthy-Miklos-pe-bani-publici-123902|title = La Cluj e comemorat dictatorul fascist Horthy Miklos pe bani publici}}</ref> In the late 1930s, Horthy's foreign policy led him into an alliance with [[Nazi Germany]] against the [[Soviet Union]]. With the support of [[Adolf Hitler]], Hungary succeeded in redeeming certain areas ceded to neighbouring countries by the Treaty of Trianon. Under Horthy's leadership, Hungary gave support to [[Polish people|Polish]] refugees [[Polish-German War|in 1939]] and participated in the [[Operation Barbarossa|Axis invasion of the Soviet Union]] in June 1941. Some historians view Horthy as unenthusiastic in contributing to the German war effort and [[the Holocaust in Hungary]] (out of fear that it may sabotage peace deals with Allied forces), in addition coupled with several attempts to strike a secret deal with the [[Allies of World War II]] after it had become obvious that the Axis would lose the war, therefore eventually leading the Germans to invade and take control of the country in March 1944 in [[Operation Margarethe]]. However, prior to the Nazi occupation within the area of Hungary 63,000 Jews were killed. In late 1944, 437,000 Jews were deported to [[Auschwitz-Birkenau]], where the majority were gassed on arrival.<ref>''Hungary and the Holocaust Confrontation with the Past'' (2001) (Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies United States Holocaust Memorial Museum); Tim Cole; ''Hungary, the Holocaust, and Hungarians: Remembering Whose History?'' p. 3-5; [https://www.ushmm.org/m/pdfs/Publication_OP_2001-01.pdf]</ref> Serbian historian Zvonimir Golubović has claimed that not only was Horthy aware of these genocidal massacres, but had approved of them such as those in the [[Novi Sad Raid]].<ref name="Zvonimir Golubović 1942. page 194">Zvonimir Golubović, Racija u Južnoj Bačkoj, 1942. godine, Novi Sad, 1991. (page 194)</ref>

In October 1944, Horthy announced that Hungary had declared an armistice with the Allies and withdrawn from the [[Axis powers|Axis]]. He was forced to resign, placed under arrest by the Germans and taken to [[Bavaria]]. At the end of the war, he came under the custody of American troops.<ref>von Papen, Franz, ''Memoirs'', London, 1952, pps:541-23, 546.</ref> After providing evidence for the [[Ministries Trial]] of war crimes in 1948, Horthy settled and lived out his remaining years in exile in [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Portugal]]. His memoirs, [[A Life for Hungary|''Ein Leben für Ungarn'']] (''A Life for Hungary''),<ref>{{cite book |title= A life for Hungary: memoirs |author=Miklos Horthy |year=2011 |publisher= Ishi Press International |oclc= 781086313 |isbn= 978-4-87187-913-2}}</ref> were first published in 1953. He has a reputation as a controversial historical figure in contemporary Hungary.<ref name="képeink">{{cite web |last1= Romsics |first1= Ignác |title= Horthy-képeink |url=http://mozgovilag.com/?p=2479 |website=Mozgó Világ Online |access-date=14 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719171430/https://mozgovilag.com/?p=2479 |archive-date=19 July 2014 }}</ref><ref name=bloomberg>{{cite news|last1= Simon|first1= Zoltán|title= Hungary Lauds Hitler Ally Horthy as Orban Fails to Stop Hatred|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-06-13/hungary-lauds-hitler-ally-horthy-as-orban-fails-to-stop-hatred.html|access-date=15 July 2014 |agency= Bloomberg|date=13 June 2012}}</ref><ref name=spiegel>{{cite news|last1= Verseck|first1= Keno|title= 'Creeping Cult': Hungary Rehabilitates Far-Right Figures|url= http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/right-wing-extremists-cultivate-horthy-cult-in-hungary-a-836526.html|access-date=15 July 2014|agency=Spiegel Online International|date=6 June 2012}}
</ref><ref name=contentious>
{{cite news
|title=His contentious legacy
|url= https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21589479-wartime-leader-still-divides-hungarians-his-contentious-legacy
|access-date=14 July 2014|newspaper=The Economist|issue=9 November 2013|date=9 November 2013
}}
</ref>

==Early life and naval career==

[[File:Admiral Horthy, WW1 postcard.jpg|thumb|upright|Admiral Miklós Horthy during World War I]]

[[File:Horthypapamama.jpg|thumb|left|Miklós Horthy's parents: [[Paula Halassy]] and István Horthy]]

[[File:Magdolna Purgly (1881 - 1959).jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Magdolna Purgly]], wife of Admiral Miklós Horthy]]

Miklós Horthy de [[Baia Mare|Nagybánya]] was born at [[Kenderes]] to an untitled lower nobility, descended from István Horti, ennobled by [[Ferdinand II of Hungary|King Ferdinand II]] in 1635.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bencsik|first=Gábor|title=Horthy Miklós|publisher=Magyar Mercurius|location=Budapest|year=2004|isbn=9638552859|edition= 4. javított|page=9}}</ref> His father, István Horthy de Nagybánya, was a member of the [[House of Magnates]], the upper chamber of the [[Diet of Hungary]], and lord of a {{convert|610|ha|adj=on}} estate.<ref name="Családfa">{{cite web|url=http://www.genealogy.euweb.cz/hung/horthy.html|author=Genealogy Euweb|title=Horthy de Nagybánya family|access-date=28 January 2009}}</ref> He married Hungarian noblewoman Paula Halassy de Dévaványa in 1857.<ref name="Családfa"/><ref name=Monarchicus>{{cite book |last=Bencsik|first=Gábor|title=Homo Monarchicus – Az első 25 év|publisher=Rubicon Történelmi Magazin, 2007/10. szám|location=Budapest|pages=54–56}}</ref> Miklós was the fourth of their eight children raised as Protestants.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M61nAAAAMAAJ&q=miklos+horthy+protestant+family|isbn=9780880335669|title=Myth and Remembrance: The Dissolution of the Habsburg Empire in the Memoir Literature of the Austro-Hungarian Political Elite|year=2006|publisher=Social Science Monographs}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Horthy|first=Nicholas|url=http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/horthy/horthy.pdf|title=Memoirs (Annotated by Andrew L. Simon)|publisher=Simon Publications|year=2000|isbn=0966573439|pages=11 (3. jegyzet)|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060306134317/http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/horthy/horthy.pdf|archive-date=6 March 2006}}</ref>

Horthy entered the Austro-Hungarian [[Imperial and Royal]] Naval Academy ([[K.u.K.|k.u.k.]] Marine-Akademie) at Fiume (now [[Rijeka]], [[Croatia]]) at age 14.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/272477/Miklos-Nagybanyai-Horthy |title=Miklos Horthy (Hungarian statesman) |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |date=9 February 1957 |access-date=21 August 2014}}</ref> Because the official language of the naval academy was [[German language|German]], Horthy spoke Hungarian with a slight, but noticeable, Austro-German accent for the rest of his life. He also spoke [[Italian (language)|Italian]], [[Croatian (language)|Croatian]], [[English (language)|English]], and [[French (language)|French]].<ref name=Monarchicus/>

As a young man, Horthy traveled around the world and served as a diplomat for [[Austria-Hungary]] in the [[Ottoman Empire]] and other countries. Horthy married [[Magdolna Purgly|Magdolna Purgly de Jószáshely]] in Arad in 1901. They had 4 children: Magdolna (1902), Paula (1903), [[István Horthy|István]] (1904) and [[Miklós Horthy, Jr.|Miklós]] (1907). From 1911 until 1914, he was a naval [[aide-de-camp]] to Emperor [[Franz Joseph I of Austria]], for whom he had a great respect.<ref name=TuckerWood1996>{{cite book|author1=Spencer Tucker|author2=Laura Matysek Wood|title=The European powers in the First World War: an encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EHI3PCjDtsUC&pg=PA348|year=1996|publisher=Taylor & Francis US|isbn=978-0-8153-0399-2|page=348}}</ref>

At the beginning of World War I, Horthy was commander of the pre-dreadnought battleship {{SMS|Habsburg}}. In 1915, he earned a reputation for boldness while commanding the new light cruiser {{SMS|Novara|1913|6}}. He planned the 1917 attack on the [[Otranto Barrage]], which resulted in the [[Battle of the Strait of Otranto (1917)|Battle of the Strait of Otranto]], the largest naval engagement of the war in the [[Adriatic Sea]]. A consolidated British, French and Italian fleet met the Austro-Hungarian force. Despite the numerical superiority of the [[Allies of World War I|Allied]] fleet, the Austrian force emerged from the battle victorious. The Austrian fleet remained relatively unscathed, however, Horthy was wounded. After the [[Cattaro mutiny]] of February 1918, Emperor [[Charles I of Austria]] selected Horthy over many more senior commanders as the new Commander-in-Chief of the Imperial Fleet in March 1918. In June, Horthy planned another attack on Otranto, and in a departure from the cautious strategy of his predecessors, he committed the empire's battleships to the mission. While sailing through the night, the dreadnought {{SMS|Szent István}} met Italian [[MAS (boat)|MAS torpedo boats]] and was sunk, causing Horthy to abort the mission. He managed to preserve the rest of the empire's fleet until he was ordered by Emperor Charles to surrender it to the new [[State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs]] (the predecessor of Yugoslavia) on 31 October.<ref name=TuckerWood1996/>

The end of the war saw Hungary turned into a landlocked nation, and with that, the new government had little need for Horthy's naval expertise. He retired with his family to his private estate at [[Kenderes]].

===Dates of rank and assignments===

[[File:Novaral.jpg|thumb|The damaged [[SMS Novara (1913)|SMS ''Novara'']] after the [[Battle of the Strait of Otranto (1917)|Battle of Otranto]]]]

[[File:Hswoon.png|thumb|Horthy, seriously wounded, commanded the fleet at the [[Battle of the Strait of Otranto (1917)|Battle of the Strait of Otranto]] until falling unconscious]]

* 1896 ''[[Fregattenleutnant]]'' (Frigate Lieutenant) (''fregatthadnagy'' – Sub-Lieutenant)
* 1900 ''Linienschiffleutnant'' (Ship-of-the-Line Lieutenant) (''sorhajóhadnagy'' – Lieutenant)
* January 1901 SMS ''Sperber'' (commander of the vessel)
* 1902 SMS ''Kranich'' (commander of the vessel)
* June 1908 SMS ''Taurus'' (commander of the vessel)
* August 1908 {{SMS|Kaiser Karl VI}} (GDO-Gesamtdetailoffizier-First Officer, temporary)
* 1 January 1909 ''[[Korvettenkapitän]]'' (Corvette Captain) (''korvettkapitány'' – [[Lieutenant-Commander]])
* 1 November 1909 aide-de-camp to [[Franz Joseph I of Austria|Emperor Franz Josef]]
* 1 November 1911 ''[[Fregattenkapitän]]'' (Frigate Captain) (''fregattkapitány'' – [[Commander]])
* December 1912 March 1913 {{SMS|Budapest}} (commander of the vessel)
* 20 January 1914 ''[[Linienschiffskapitän]]'' (Ship-of-the-Line Captain) (''sorhajókapitány'' – [[Captain (naval)|Captain]])
* August 1914 {{SMS|Habsburg}} (commander of the vessel)
* December 1914 {{SMS|Novara|1912|6}} (commander of the vessel)
* 1 February 1918 {{SMS|Prinz Eugen|1912}} (commander of the vessel)
* 27 February 1918 ''[[Konteradmiral]]'' (''ellentengernagy'' – [[Rear Admiral]])
* 27 February 1918 appointed (last) Commander in Chief of the fleet (over 11 admirals and 24 senior ''Linienschiffskapitän'') by [[Charles I of Austria|Emperor Karl I]]
* 30 October 1918 ''[[Vizeadmiral]]'' (''altengernagy'' – [[Vice Admiral]])

==Interwar period, 1919–1939==

Historians agree on the conservatism of interwar Hungary. Historian [[István Deák]] states:
:Between 1919 and 1944 Hungary was a rightist country. Forged out of a counter-revolutionary heritage, its governments advocated a "nationalist Christian" policy; they extolled heroism, faith, and unity; they despised the French Revolution, and they spurned the liberal and socialist ideologies of the 19th century. The governments saw Hungary as a bulwark against Bolshevism and bolshevism's instruments: socialism, cosmopolitanism, and Freemasonry. They perpetrated the rule of a small clique of aristocrats, civil servants, and army officers, and surrounded with adulation by the head of the state, the counterrevolutionary Admiral Horthy.<ref>Deák, István, "Hungary" in Hans Rogger and Egon Weber (eds.), ''The European right: A historical profile'' (1963) p. 364-407 quoting p. 364.</ref>

===Commander of the National Army===

[[File:Filmhíradók - 100 éve ezen a héten 38. (2019. november 11-17.).webm|thumb|350px|Horthy enters Budapest, 16 November 1919 (1080p film footage)]]

Two national traumas that followed the First World War profoundly shaped the spirit and future of the Hungarian nation. The first was the loss, as dictated by the [[Allies of World War I]], of large portions of Hungarian territory that had bordered other countries. These were lands that had belonged to Hungary (then part of [[Austria-Hungary]]) but were now ceded mainly to [[Czechoslovakia]], [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]], [[First Austrian Republic|Austria]] and the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]]. The excisions, eventually ratified in the [[Treaty of Trianon]] of 1920, cost Hungary two-thirds of its territory and one-third of its native Hungarian speakers; this dealt the population a terrible psychological blow. The second trauma began in March 1919, when Communist leader [[Béla Kun]] seized power in the capital, [[Budapest]], after the first proto-democratic government in Hungary faltered.<ref>Lázár, István, ''Hungary: A Brief History'', Budapest: Corvina, 1993 (English edition) Translated by Albert Tezla; Chapter 13</ref>

[[File:Magyarorszag 1920.png|thumb|With the [[Treaty of Trianon]], the Kingdom of Hungary lost 72% of its territory (including [[Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia|Croatia]]) and 3.3 million people of Hungarian ethnicity.]]

Kun and his loyalists proclaimed a [[Hungarian Soviet Republic]] and promised the restoration of Hungary's former grandeur. Instead, his efforts at reconquest failed, and Hungarians were treated to Soviet-style repression in the form of [[Lenin Boys|armed gangs]] who intimidated or murdered enemies of the regime. This period of violence came to be known as the [[Red Terror (Hungary)|Red Terror]].<ref>Deák, István, "A Hungarian Admiral on Horseback", from ''Essays on Hitler's Europe'', University of Nebraska Press, 2001, pp. 150–151</ref>

Within weeks of his coup, Kun's popularity plummeted. On 30 May 1919, anti-communist politicians formed a counter-revolutionary government in the southern city of [[Szeged]], which was occupied by French forces at the time. There, [[Gyula Károlyi]], the prime minister of the counter-revolutionary government, asked former Admiral Horthy, still considered a war hero, to be the Minister of War in the new government and take command of a counter-revolutionary force that would be named the National Army ({{lang-hu|Nemzeti Hadsereg}}). Horthy consented, and he arrived in Szeged on 6 June. Soon afterward, because of orders from the Allied powers, a cabinet was reformed, and Horthy was not given a seat in it. Undaunted, Horthy managed to retain control of the National Army by detaching the army command from the War Ministry.

After the Communist government collapsed and its leaders fled, French-supported Romanian forces entered Budapest on 6 August 1919. In retaliation for the [[Red Terror (Hungary)|Red Terror]], reactionary crews now exacted revenge in a two-year wave of violent repression known today as the [[White Terror (Hungary)|White Terror]]. These reprisals were organized and carried out by officers of [[Horthy's National Army]], particularly [[Pál Prónay]],<ref name=Patai>Patai, Raphael, ''The Jews of Hungary'', Wayne State University Press, pp. 468–469</ref> Gyula Ostenburg-Moravek and [[Iván Héjjas]].<ref name=Bodo>Bodó, Béla: ''Paramilitary Violence in Hungary After the First World War'', East European Quarterly, No. 2, Vol. 38, 22 June 2004</ref> Their victims were primarily [[communists]], [[social democrats]], and [[History of the Jews in Hungary|Jews]]. Most Hungarian Jews were not supporters of the Bolsheviks, but much of the leadership of the [[Hungarian Soviet Republic]] had been young Jewish intellectuals, and anger about the Communist revolution easily translated into anti-Semitic hostility.<ref name=Patai/>

In Budapest, Prónay installed his unit in the [[Hotel Britannia]], where the group swelled to [[battalion]] size. Their program of vicious attacks continued; they planned a citywide [[pogrom]] against the Jews until Horthy found out and put a stop to it. In his diary, Prónay reported that Horthy:<blockquote>reproached me for the many Jewish corpses found in the various parts of the country, especially in the Transdanubia. This, he emphasized, gave the foreign press extra ammunitions against us. He told me that we should stop harassing small Jews; instead, we should kill some big (Kun government) Jews such as Somogyi or Vázsonyi – these people deserve punishment much more... in vain, I tried to convince him that the liberal papers would be against us anyway, and it did not matter that we killed only one Jew or we killed them all<ref>Szabo and Pamlenyi: ''A hatarban a halal kaszal'', pp.160 and 131</ref>
</blockquote>The degree of Horthy's responsibility for the excesses of Prónay is disputed. On several occasions, Horthy reached out to stop Prónay from a particularly excessive burst of anti-Jewish cruelty, and the Jews of Pest went on record absolving Horthy of the White Terror as early as the autumn of 1919 when they released a statement disavowing the Kun revolution and blaming the terror on a few units within the National Army. Horthy has never been found to have personally engaged in White Terror atrocities. But his American biographer [[Thomas L. Sakmyster]] concluded that he "tacitly supported the right-wing officer detachments" who carried out the terror;<ref>{{cite book | last = Sakmyster | first = Thomas L. | author-link = Thomas L. Sakmyster | title = Hungary's Admiral on Horseback: Miklós Horthy, 1918–1944 | publisher = Columbia University Press = date = 1993}}</ref> Horthy called them "my best men".{{r|gunther1940}} The admiral also had practical reasons for overlooking the terror his officers wrought, since he needed the dedicated officers to help stabilize the country. Nevertheless, it was at least another year before the terror died down. In the summer of 1920, Horthy's government took measures to rein in and eventually disperse the reactionary battalions. Prónay managed to undermine these measures, but only for a short time.<ref name=Bodo/> Prónay was put on trial for extorting a wealthy Jewish politician, and for "insulting the President of the Parliament" by trying to cover up the extortion. Found guilty on both charges, Prónay was now a liability and an embarrassment. His command was revoked, and he was denounced as a common criminal on the floor of the Hungarian parliament.<ref name=Bodo/>

After serving short jail sentences, Prónay tried to convince Horthy to restore his battalion command. The Prónay Battalion lingered for a few months more under the command of a junior officer, but the government officially dissolved the unit in January 1922, and expelled its members from the army.<ref name=Bodo/> Prónay entered politics as a member of the government's right-wing opposition. In the 1930s, he sought and failed to emulate the Nazis by generating a Hungarian fascist mass movement. In 1932, he was charged with incitement, sentenced to six months in prison, and stripped of his rank of lieutenant colonel. Prónay would support the pro-Nazi [[Arrow Cross]] and lead attacks on Jews before being captured by Soviet troops sometime during or after the [[Battle of Budapest]] of 1944–45, dying in captivity in 1947/48.<ref name=Bodo/>

Precisely how much Horthy knew about the excesses of the White Terror is not known. Horthy himself declined to apologize for the savagery of his officer detachments, writing later, "I have no reason to gloss over deeds of injustice and atrocities committed when an iron broom alone could sweep the country clean."<ref name=horthy>{{cite book|last=Horthy |first=Admiral Nicholas|others=Nicholas Horthy, Miklós Horthy, Andrew L. Simon, Nicholas Roosevelt|title=Admiral Nicholas Horthy Memoirs |publisher=Simon Publications LLC|year=2000 |edition=illustrated |page=348 |isbn=0-9665734-3-9}}</ref> He endorsed Edgar von Schmidt-Pauli's poetic justification of the White reprisals ("Hell let loose on earth cannot be subdued by the beating of angels' wings") remarking, "the Communists in Hungary, willing disciples of the Russian Bolshevists, had indeed let hell loose."<ref name=horthy/>

The [[International Committee of the Red Cross]] (ICRC) in an internal report by delegate [[George Burnier]], stated the following in April 1920:<blockquote>There are two distinct military organizations in Hungary: the national army and a kind of civil guard which was formed when the communist régime fell. It is the latter that has been responsible for all the reprehensible acts committed. The Government managed to regain control of these organizations only a few weeks ago. They are now well-disciplined and collaborate with the municipal police forces.<ref>{{cite book|title=History of the International Committee of the Red Cross, from Sarajevo to Hiroshima.|last=Durand|first=André|publisher=Henry Dunant Institute|year=1984|isbn=9782880440091|location=Geneva|page=136}}</ref></blockquote>This deep hostility toward Communism would be the more lasting legacy of Kun's abortive revolution. It was a conviction shared by Horthy and his country's ruling class that would help drive Hungary into a fateful alliance with Adolf Hitler.<blockquote>The nation of the Hungarians loved and admired Budapest, which became its polluter in the last years. Here, on the banks of the Danube, I arraign her. This city has disowned her thousand years of tradition, she has dragged the [[Holy Crown of Hungary|Holy Crown]] and the [[Flag of Hungary|national colors]] in the dust, she has clothed herself in red rags. The finest of the nation she threw into dungeons or drove into exile. She laid in ruin our property and wasted our wealth. Yet the nearer we approached to this city, the more rapidly did the ice in our hearts melt. We are now ready to forgive her.<ref name=1919speech>{{Cite web|url=http://www.horthy.hu/images/kormanyzoirasai/beszedbudapest/beszedbudapest_nagy.jpg|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20070701004854/http://www.horthy.hu/images/kormanyzoirasai/beszedbudapest/beszedbudapest_nagy.jpg|url-status=dead|archive-date=2007-07-01|title=1919 speech of Horthy}}</ref></blockquote>

[[File:HorthyGellért.jpg|left|thumb|Admiral Miklós Horthy enters Budapest at the head of the National Army, 16 November 1919. He is greeted by city officials in front of the Gellért Hotel. The Romanian army retreated from Budapest on 14 November, leaving Horthy to enter the city, where in a fiery speech he accused the capital's citizens of betraying Hungary by supporting Bolshevism]]

Following the pressure of the Allied powers, Romanian troops finally evacuated Hungary on 25 February 1920.

===Regent===

On 1 March 1920, the National Assembly of Hungary re-established the [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Kingdom of Hungary]]. It was apparent that the Allies of World War I would not accept any return of King [[Charles I of Austria|Charles IV]] (the former Austro-Hungarian emperor) from exile. Instead, with National Army officers controlling the parliament building, the assembly voted to install Horthy as [[Regent]]; he defeated Count [[Albert Apponyi]] by a vote of 131 to 7.

Bishop [[Ottokár Prohászka]] then led a small delegation to meet Horthy, announcing, "Hungary's Parliament has elected you Regent! Would it please you to accept the office of [[Regent of Hungary]]?" To their astonishment, Horthy declined, unless the powers of the office were expanded. As Horthy stalled, the politicians gave in to his demands and granted him "the general prerogatives of the king, with the exception of the right to name titles of nobility and of the patronage of the Church."<ref name=horthy/> The prerogatives he was given included the power to appoint and dismiss prime ministers, to convene and dissolve parliament, and to command the [[Royal Hungarian Army|armed forces]]. With those sweeping powers guaranteed, Horthy took the oath of office.<ref>{{harvnb|Sakmyster|p=56}}</ref> He was styled ''His Serene Highness the Regent of the Kingdom of Hungary'' ({{lang-hu|Ő Főméltósága a Magyar Királyság Kormányzója}}). (Charles I did try to regain his throne twice; see [[Charles IV of Hungary's attempts to retake the throne]] for more details.)

[[File:Flag of the Supreme Warlord of the Royal Hungarian Defence Forces (1939-1945, on land).svg|right|thumb|Standard of Miklós Horthy as Regent of Hungary]]

The Hungarian state was legally a kingdom, but it had no king, as the Allied powers would not have tolerated any reinstatement of the Habsburg dynasty. The country retained its [[parliamentary system]] following the dissolution of [[Austria-Hungary]], with a prime minister appointed as head of government. As head of state, Horthy retained significant influence through his constitutional powers and the loyalty of his ministers to the crown.<ref>Deák, István, "A Fatal Compromise? The Debate Over Collaboration and Resistance in Hungary," in ''The Politics of Retribution: World War II and Its Aftermath'', edited by Deák, Gross, and Judt, Princeton University Press, pp. 39–52</ref> Although his involvement in drafting legislation was minuscule, he nevertheless had the ability to ensure that laws passed by the Hungarian parliament conformed to his political preferences.

====Károlyi's attempts to remove Horthy====

The ex-president of the [[First Hungarian Republic]], Count [[Mihály Károlyi]] began vigorous propaganda activities against the emerging Horthy regime. Károlyi mainly tried to negotiate with the creators of the hostile [[Little Entente]], Masaryk and Beneš, as well as with the Austrian Social Democratic Chancellor, [[Karl Renner]]. They wanted to achieve the disarmament of the Hungarian National Army and the removal of Horthy, even with the help of foreign troops and intervention. However the effect has remained small: Renner and Beneš sent a memorandum to the Western Allied Powers, but the leadership of Entente Powers had already decided that Horthy should remain in power.<ref>{{cite book|author=Hana Barvíková|title=Exil v Praze a Československu 1918-1938|publisher=Pražská edice|year=2005|page=84|isbn=9788086239118|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jzMiAQAAIAAJ&q=benes+%22Renner%22+k%C3%A1rolyi+memorandum}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Katalin Soós|title=Burgenland az európai politikában, 1918-1921|publisher=[[Akadémiai Kiadó]]|year=1971|page=14|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OqdnAAAAMAAJ&q=benes+%22Renner%22+k%C3%A1rolyi+memorandum}}</ref>

===Seeking redress for the Treaty of Trianon===

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-12190, Budapest, Prozession zum Nationalfeiertag.jpg|thumb|left|Horthy in Budapest, August 1931]]

[[File:Miklós Horthy de Nagybánya-Pd-italy-334.jpg|thumb|Miklós Horthy with King [[Victor Emmanuel III of Italy]] in Rome on 25 November 1936, during a military parade in Via dell'Impero]]

Hungarian historian Ádám Magda wrote in her study ''Versailles System and Central Europe'' (2006): "Today we know that the bane of Central Europe was the [[Little Entente]], military alliance of [[Czechoslovakia]], [[Romania]] and [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]] (later Yugoslavia), created in 1921 not for Central Europe's cooperation nor to fight German expansion, but in a wrong perceived notion that a completely powerless Hungary must be kept down".<ref>István Deák (2006) The English Historical Review, Volume CXXI, Issue 490, page: 338: The Versailles System and Central Europe [https://academic.oup.com/ehr/article-abstract/CXXI/490/338/458682]</ref>

The first decade of Horthy's reign was primarily consumed by stabilizing the Hungarian economy and political system. Horthy's chief partner in these efforts was his prime minister [[István Bethlen]]. It was commonly known that Horthy was an [[Anglophile]],<ref>{{cite book | first = Thomas L. | last = Sakmyster | author-link = Thomas L. Sakmyster | title = Hungary's Admiral on Horseback: Miklós Horthy, 1918–1944 | publisher = East European Monographs | date = 1994 | pages = 156, 244}}</ref><ref>Moshe Carmilly-Weinberger: ''The road to life: the rescue operation of Jewish refugees on the Hungarian-Romanian border in Transylvania, 1936–1944''. Shengold, 1994. p. 33.</ref><ref>Eve Blau – Monika Platzer: ''Shaping the great city: modern architecture in Central Europe, 1890–1937''. Prestel, 1999. p. 34.</ref> and British political and economic support played a significant role in the stabilization and consolidation of the early Horthy era in the Kingdom of Hungary.<ref>E. G. Walters: ''The Other Europe: Eastern Europe To 1945''. Syracuse University Press, 1988. p. 154.</ref>

Bethlen sought to stabilize the economy while building alliances with weaker nations that could advance Hungary's cause. That cause was, primarily, reversing the losses of the Treaty of Trianon. The humiliations of the Trianon treaty continued to occupy a central place in Hungarian foreign policy and the popular imagination. The indignant anti-Trianon slogan "Nem, nem soha!" ("No, no never!") became a ubiquitous motto of Hungarian outrage. When in 1927 the British newspaper magnate [[Harold Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Rothermere|Lord Rothermere]] denounced the partitions ratified at Trianon in the pages of his ''Daily Mail'', an official letter of gratitude was eagerly signed by 1.2 million Hungarians.<ref name=horthy/>

But Hungary's stability was precarious, and the [[Great Depression]] derailed much of Bethlen's economic balance. Horthy replaced him with an old reactionary confederate from his Szeged days: [[Gyula Gömbös]]. Gömbös was an outspoken anti-Semite and a budding fascist. Although he agreed to Horthy's demands that he temper his anti-Jewish rhetoric and work amicably with Hungary's large Jewish professional class, Gömbös's tenure began swinging Hungary's political mood powerfully rightward. He strengthened Hungary's ties to [[Benito Mussolini]]'s Italian fascist state. Fatefully, when [[Adolf Hitler]] took power in Germany in 1933, he found in Gömbös an admiring and obliging colleague.{{citation needed|date=August 2012}} [[John Gunther]] stated that Horthy,

{{blockquote|though reactionary as far as social or economic ideas are concerned, is in effect the guardian of constitutionalism and what vestigial democracy remains in the country, because it is largely his influence that prevents any prime minister from abolishing parliament and setting up a dictatorial rule.<ref name=gunther1940>{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.149663/2015.149663.Inside-Europe#page/n443/mode/2up | title=Inside Europe | publisher=Harper & Brothers | author=Gunther, John | year=1940 | pages=422–423}}</ref>}}

Gömbös rescued the failing economy by securing trade guarantees from Germany – a strategy that positioned Germany as Hungary's primary trading partner and tied Hungary's future even more tightly to Hitler's. He also assured Hitler that Hungary would quickly become a one-party state modeled on the Nazi party control of Germany. Gömbös died in 1936 before he realized his most extreme goals, but he left his nation headed into a firm partnership with the German dictator.

==World War II and the Holocaust==

{{Main|Hungary in World War II}}

===Uneasy alliance===

Hungary now entered into intricate political maneuvers with the regime of Adolf Hitler, and Horthy began to play a greater and more public role in navigating Hungary along this dangerous path.

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-2005-1017-526, Berlin, Reichskanzlei.jpg|thumb|German and Hungarian flags in Berlin]]

For Horthy, Hitler served as a bulwark against Soviet encroachment or invasion. Horthy was obsessed with the Communist threat. One American diplomat remarked that Horthy's anti-communist tirades were so common and ferocious that diplomats "discounted it as a phobia".<ref>The comments of U.S. Minister to Hungary Nicholas Roosevelt, quoted in Frank, Tibor, ''Discussing Hitler: Advisors of U.S. Diplomacy in Central Europe'', 1934–1941, Central European University press, 2003, pp. 14–16</ref>

Horthy clearly saw his country as trapped between two stronger powers, both of them dangerous; evidently, he considered Hitler to be the more manageable of the two, at least at first. Hitler was able to wield greater influence over Hungary than the Soviet Union could – not only as of the country's major trading partner but also because he could assist with two of Horthy's key ambitions: maintaining Hungarian sovereignty and satisfying the nationwide yearning to recover former Hungarian lands. Horthy's strategy was one of cautious, sometimes even a grudging, alliance. The means by which the regent granted or resisted Hitler's demands, especially with regard to Hungarian military action and the treatment of Hungary's Jews, remain the central criteria by which his career has been judged. Horthy's relationship with Hitler was, by his own account, a tense one – largely due, he said, to his unwillingness to bend his nation's policies to the German leader's desires.<ref>Nandor F. Dreisziger, "Bridges to the West: The Horthy Regime's ‘Reinsurance Policies’ in 1941." ''War & Society'' 7.1 (1989): 1–23.</ref>

Horthy's attitude to Hitler was ambivalent. On one hand, Hungary was an [[Irredentism|irredentist]] state that refused to accept the frontiers imposed by the [[Treaty of Trianon]]. Furthermore, the three states with which Hungary had territorial disputes, namely Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, and Romania, were all allies of France, so a German-Hungarian alliance seemed logical. On the other hand, Admiral Horthy was a good navalist who believed that sea power was the most important factor in war. He felt that Britain, as the world's greatest sea power, would inevitably defeat Germany should another war begin.<ref name=Eby>Eby, Cecil ''Hungary at War: Civilians and Soldiers in World War II'', University Park: Penn State Press, 2007 page 9.</ref> During a meeting with Hitler in 1935, Horthy was well pleased that Hitler informed him that he wanted Germany and Hungary to partition Czechoslovakia, but Horthy went on to tell Hitler that he must be careful not to do anything that might cause an Anglo-German war because British sea power would sooner or later cause the defeat of [[Nazi Germany]]. Horthy was always torn between his belief that an alliance with Germany was the only way to revise Trianon and his belief that war against the international order could only end in defeat.<ref name=Eby/>

In August 1938, when Horthy, his wife, and some Hungarian politicians took a special train from Budapest to Germany, [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] and other [[Nazism|National Socialist]] formations ceremonially welcomed the delegation at the [[Passau]] train station. The train then continued to [[Kiel]] for the [[Ceremonial ship launching|christening]] of the [[German cruiser Prinz Eugen|German cruiser ''Prinz Eugen'']].<ref>Anna Rosmus, ''Hitlers Nibelungen'', Samples Grafenau 2015, pp. 166f</ref>

During his ensuing state visit, Hitler asked Horthy for troops and matériel to participate in Germany's planned invasion of Czechoslovakia. In exchange, Horthy later reported, "He gave me to understand that as a reward we should be allowed to keep the territory we had invaded."<ref name=horthy/> Horthy said he declined, insisting to Hitler that Hungary's claims on the disputed lands should be settled by peaceful means.<ref>Miklós Horthy, ''Memoirs''. R. Speller, 1957, reprinted in 2000.
[http://www.hungarianhistory.com/lib/horthy/horthy.pdf page 159], citation: "''I have already stated that my aim was to achieve the revision of the Treaty of Trianon by peaceful means.''"</ref>

[[File:Košice 11. november 1938.jpg|thumb|left|Horthy at the annexation of south-east Czechoslovakia, Kassa (present-day Košice), 11 November 1938]]

Three months later, after the [[Munich Agreement]] put control of Czechoslovakia's [[Sudetenland]] in Hitler's hands, by the [[First Vienna Award]] Hungary annexed some of the south-eastern parts of Czechoslovakia. Horthy enthusiastically rode into the re-acquired territories at the head of his troops, greeted by emotional ethnic Hungarians: "As I passed along the roads, people embraced one another, fell upon their knees, and wept with joy because liberation had come to them at last, without war, without bloodshed."<ref name=horthy/> But as "peaceful" as this annexation was, and as just as it may have seemed to many Hungarians, it was a dividend of Hitler's brinksmanship and threats of war, in which Hungary was now inextricably complicit. Hungary was now committed to the Axis agenda: on 24 February 1939, it joined the [[Anti-Comintern Pact]], and on 11 April, it withdrew from the [[League of Nations]]. American journalists began to refer to Hungary as "the jackal of Europe".<ref>William Wohlforth, ''Deadly Imbalances: Tripolarity and Hitler's Strategy of World Conquest'' (Columbia University Press 1998), pp. 78–79</ref>

This combination of menace and reward drifted Hungary closer to the status of a Nazi client state.<ref>John Flournoy Montgomery, ''Hungary: The Unwilling Satellite'' Part Two: An Oasis in Hitler's Desert</ref> In March 1939, when Hitler took what remained of Czechoslovakia by force, Hungary was allowed to annex [[Carpathian Ruthenia]]. After a conflict with the [[Slovak Republic (1939-1945)|First Slovak Republic]] during the [[Slovak–Hungarian War]] of 1939, Hungary gained further territories. In August 1940, Hitler intervened on Hungary's behalf once again. After the failed Hungarian-Romanian negotiations, Hungary annexed [[Northern Transylvania]] from Romania by the [[Second Vienna Award]].

[[File:Komárno november 1938 (1).jpg|thumb|Horthy during the Hungarians' entry into Komárom (present-day [[Komárno]]), following the First Vienna Award, November 1938]]

But despite their cooperation with the Nazi regime, Horthy and his government would be better described as "conservative authoritarian"<ref>Miklós Lojkó. ''Meddling in Middle Europe: Britain and the 'Lands Between, 1919–1925'', Central European University Press, 2005 [https://books.google.com/books?id=q-IOJWicco8C&pg=PA180 p 180]</ref> than "fascist". Certainly, Horthy was as hostile to the home-grown fascist and ultra-nationalist movements that emerged in Hungary between the wars (particularly the [[Arrow Cross Party]]) as he was to Communism. The Arrow Cross leader, [[Ferenc Szálasi]], was repeatedly imprisoned at Horthy's command.

[[John Flournoy Montgomery|John F. Montgomery]], who served in Budapest as U.S. ambassador from 1933 to 1941, openly admired this side of Horthy's character and reported the following incident in his memoir: in March 1939, Arrow Cross supporters disrupted a performance at the [[Hungarian State Opera House|Budapest opera house]] by chanting "Justice for Szálasi!" loud enough for the regent to hear. A fight broke out, and when Montgomery went to take a closer look, he discovered that:<blockquote>two or three men were on the floor and he [Horthy] had another by the throat, slapping his face and shouting what I learned afterward was: "So you would betray your country, would you?" The Regent was alone, but he had the situation in hand.... The whole incident was typical not only of the Regent's deep hatred of alien doctrine, but of the kind of man he is. Although he was around seventy-two years of age, it did not occur to him to ask for help; he went right ahead like a skipper with a mutiny on his hands.<ref>Montgomery, John F. ''Hungary: The Unwilling Satellite'', Part One: What Price Independence?</ref></blockquote>

[[File:Hungary 1941-44 Administrative Map.png|left|thumb|300 px|Hungary in 1941, after recovering territories from Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Yugoslavia]]

And yet, by the time of this episode, Horthy had allowed his government to give in to Nazi demands that the Hungarians enact laws restricting the lives of the country's Jews. The first [[Hungarian anti-Jewish Law]], in 1938, limited the number of Jews in the professions, the government, and commerce to twenty percent, and the second reduced it to five percent the following year; 250,000 Hungarian Jews lost their jobs as a result. A "Third Jewish Law" of August 1941 prohibited Jews from marrying non-Jews and defined anyone having two Jewish grandparents as "racially Jewish". A Jewish man who had non-marital sex with a "decent non-Jewish woman resident in Hungary" could be sentenced to three years in prison.<ref>Patai, Raphael. ''The Jews of Hungary'', Wayne State University Press, p. 548</ref>

Horthy's personal views on Jews and their role in Hungarian society are the subjects of some debate. In an October 1940 letter to Prime Minister Count [[Pál Teleki]], Horthy echoed a widespread national sentiment: that Jews enjoyed too much success in commerce, the professions, and industry – success that needed to be curtailed:<blockquote>As regards the Jewish problem, I have been an anti-Semite throughout my life. I have never had contact with Jews. I have considered it intolerable that here in Hungary everything, every factory, bank, large fortune, business, theatre, press, commerce, etc. should be in Jewish hands, and that the Jew should be the image reflected of Hungary, especially abroad. Since, however, one of the most important tasks of the government is to raise the standard of living, i.e., we have to acquire wealth, it is impossible, in a year or two, to replace the Jews, who have everything in their hands, and to replace them with incompetent, unworthy, mostly big-mouthed elements, for we should become bankrupt. This requires a generation at least.<ref>{{harvnb|Patai|p=546}}</ref></blockquote>

===War===

[[File:Miklos Horthy and Adolf Hitler.png|thumb|Horthy with Hitler in 1938]]

The [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920-1944)|Kingdom of Hungary]] was gradually drawn into the war itself. In 1939 and 1940, [[Hungarian Volunteers in the Winter War|Hungarian volunteers]] were sent to Finland's [[Winter War]], but did not have time to partake in the fighting before the end of the war. In April 1941, Hungary became, in effect, a member of the [[Axis Powers|Axis]]. Hungary permitted Hitler to send troops across Hungarian territory for the [[invasion of Yugoslavia]] and ultimately sent its own troops to claim its share of the dismembered [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]]. Prime Minister [[Pál Teleki]], horrified that he had failed to prevent this collusion with the Nazis, despite the fact that he had signed a non-aggression pact with Yugoslavia in December 1940, committed suicide.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}

In June 1941, the Hungarian government finally yielded to Hitler's demands that the nation contribute to the Axis war effort. On 27 June, Hungary became part of [[Operation Barbarossa]] and declared war on the [[Soviet Union]]. The Hungarians sent in troops and material only four days after Hitler began his invasion of the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941.

Eighteen months later, less well-equipped and less motivated than their German allies, 200,000 troops of the [[Hungarian Second Army]] ended up holding the front on the [[Don River (Russia)|Don River]] west of [[Stalingrad]].<ref>Deák, István, ''Endgame in Budapest'', Hungarian Quarterly, Autumn 2005</ref>

The first massacre of Jewish people from Hungarian territory took place in August 1941, when government officials ordered the deportation of Jews without Hungarian citizenship (principally refugees from other Nazi-occupied countries) to [[Ukraine]]. Roughly 18,000–20,000 of these deportees were slaughtered by [[Friedrich Jeckeln]] and his [[SS]] troops; only 2,000–3,000 survived. These killings are known as the [[Kamianets-Podilskyi Massacre]]. This event, in which the slaughter of Jews for the first time numbered in the tens of thousands, is considered to be among the first large-scale massacre of the [[Holocaust]]. Because of the objections of Hungary's leadership, the deportations were halted.<ref name=Holocaust>{{cite web|url=http://www.holokausztmagyarorszagon.hu/index.php?section=1&type=content&chapter=2_2_3 |title=Holocaust in Hungary. About the Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre (in Hungarian language) |publisher=Holokausztmagyarorszagon.hu |access-date=21 August 2014}}</ref>

By early 1942, Horthy was already seeking to put some distance between himself and Hitler's regime. That March, he dismissed the pro-German prime minister [[László Bárdossy]] and replaced him with [[Miklós Kállay]], a moderate whom Horthy expected to loosen Hungary's ties to Germany.<ref>Borhi, László, ''Hungary in the Cold War 1945–1956: Between the United States and the Soviet Union'', Central European University Press, New York 2004</ref> Kállay successfully sabotaged economic cooperation with Nazi Germany, protected refugees, and prisoners, resisted Nazi pressure regarding Jews, established contact with the Allies and negotiated conditions under which Hungary would switch sides against Germany. However, the Allies were not close enough. When the Germans occupied Hungary in March 1944 Kállay went into hiding. He was finally captured by the Nazis, but was liberated when the war ended.<ref>Nicholas Kállay, ''Hungarian Premier: A Personal Account of a Nation's Struggle in the Second World War'' (1954).</ref>

In September 1942, personal tragedy struck the Hungarian Regent. 37-year-old [[István Horthy]], Horthy's eldest son, was killed. István Horthy was the Deputy Regent of Hungary and a Flight Lieutenant in the reserves, 1/1 Fighter Squadron of the [[Royal Hungarian Air Force]]. He was killed when his Hawk (''[[MÁVAG Héja|Héja]]'') fighter crashed at an air field near [[Ilovskoye]].

In January 1943, Hungary's enthusiasm for the war effort, never especially high, suffered a tremendous blow. The Soviet army, in the full momentum of its triumphant turnaround after the [[Battle of Stalingrad]], punched through Romanian troops at a bend in the [[Don River (Russia)|Don River]] and virtually obliterated the Second Hungarian Army in a few days' fighting. In this single action, Hungarian combat fatalities jumped by 80,000. Jew and non-Jew suffered together in this defeat, as the Hungarian troops had been accompanied by some 40,000 Jews and political prisoners in forced-labor units whose job had been to clear minefields.<ref>Lázár, István, ''Hungary: A Brief History'', Chapter 14</ref>

German officials blamed Hungary's Jews for the nation's "defeatist attitude." In the wake of the Don bend disaster, Hitler demanded at an April 1943 meeting that Horthy punish the 800,000 Jews still living in Hungary, who according to Hitler were responsible for this defeat. In response, Horthy and his government-supplied 10,000 Jewish deportees for labor battalions. With the growing awareness the Allies might well win the war, it became more expedient not to comply with further German requests. Cautiously, the Hungarian government began to explore contacts with the Allies in hopes of negotiating a surrender.<ref>Deák, István, ''Endgame in Budapest''</ref>

Prior to the [[Nazi Germany|German]] occupation within the area of Hungary around 63,000 Jews perished.<ref>''Hungary and the Holocaust Confrontation with the Past'' (2001) (Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies United States Holocaust Memorial Museum); Tim Cole; ''Hungary, the Holocaust, and Hungarians: Remembering Whose History?'' p. 3-5; [https://www.ushmm.org/m/pdfs/Publication_OP_2001-01.pdf]</ref> Overall, Hungarian Jews suffered close to 560,000 casualties.<ref>Randolph L. Braham; (2010) ''Hungarian, German, and Jewish calculations and miscalculations in the last chapter of the Holocaust'' p. 9-10; Washington, D.C. : Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, [https://www.ushmm.org/m/pdfs/Publication_OP_2010-01.pdf]</ref>

===Occupation===

{{main|Operation Margarethe}}

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-680-8283A-12A, Budapest, marschierende Pfeilkreuzler und Panzer VI.jpg|thumb|A German [[Tiger II]] with a column of [[Arrow Cross]] soldiers in Budapest]]

By 1944, the Axis was losing the war, and the [[Red Army]] was at Hungary's borders. Fearing that the Soviets would overrun the country, Kállay, with Horthy's approval, put out numerous feelers to the Allies. He even promised to surrender unconditionally to them once they reached Hungarian territory. An enraged Hitler summoned Horthy to a conference in [[Schloss Klessheim|Klessheim Castle]] near [[Salzburg]]. He pressured Horthy to make greater contributions to the war effort and again commanded him to assist in the killing of more of Hungary's Jews.{{Citation needed|date=November 2013}} Horthy now permitted the deportation of a large number of Jews (the generally accepted figure is 100,000), but would not go further.<ref>Braham, Randolph, ''The Politics of Genocide'', Wayne State University Press, pp. 59–62</ref>

The conference was a ruse. As Horthy was returning home on 19 March, the [[Wehrmacht]] invaded and occupied Hungary. Horthy was told he could only stay in office if he dismissed Kállay and appointed a new government that would fully cooperate with Hitler and his plenipotentiary in Budapest, [[Edmund Veesenmayer]]. Knowing the likely alternative was a [[gauleiter]] who would treat Hungary in the same manner as the other countries under Nazi occupation, Horthy acquiesced and appointed his ambassador to Germany, General [[Döme Sztójay]], as prime minister. The Germans originally wanted Horthy to reappoint [[Béla Imrédy]] (who had been prime minister from 1938 to 1939), but Horthy had enough influence to get Veesenmayer to accept Sztójay instead. Contrary to Horthy's hopes, Sztójay's government eagerly proceeded to participate in the Holocaust.{{Citation needed|date=November 2013}}

The chief agents of this collaboration were [[Andor Jaross]], the Minister of the Interior, and his two rabidly anti-Semitic state secretaries, [[László Endre]] and [[László Baky]] (later to be known as the "Deportation Trio"). On 9 April, Prime Minister Sztójay and the Germans obligated Hungary to place 300,000 Jewish people at the "disposal" of the Reich, in effect, sentencing most of Hungary's remaining Jews to death.{{Citation needed|date=November 2013}} Five days later, on 14 April, Endre, Baky, and SS Lieutenant-Colonel [[Adolf Eichmann]] commenced the deportation of the remaining Hungarian Jews. The [[Yellow badge|Yellow Star]], [[Ghetto]]ization laws and deportation were accomplished in less than 8 weeks with the help of the new Hungarian government and authorities. The deportation of Hungarian Jews to [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]] began on 14 May 1944 and continued at a rate of 12–14,000 a day until 24 July.<ref>Richard J Evans, The Third Reich at War, pg 617–618.</ref>

Upon learning about the deportations, Horthy wrote the following letter to the prime minister:<blockquote>Dear Sztójay: I was aware that the Government in the given forced situation has to take many steps that I do not consider correct, and for which I can not take responsibility. Among these matters is the handling of the Jewish question in a manner that does not correspond to the Hungarian mentality, Hungarian conditions, and, for the matter, Hungarian interests. It is clear to everyone that what among these were done by Germans or by the insistence of the Germans was not in my power to prevent, so in these matters, I was forced into passivity. As such, I was not informed in advance, or I am not fully informed now, however, I have heard recently that in many cases in inhumaneness and brutality we exceeded the Germans. I demand that the handling of the Jewish affairs in the Ministry of Interior be taken out of the hands of Deputy Minister [[László Endre]]. Furthermore, László Baky's assignment to the management of the police forces should be terminated as soon as possible.<ref name=horthy/></blockquote>Just before the deportations began, two Slovak Jewish prisoners, [[Rudolf Vrba]] and [[Alfréd Wetzler]], escaped from Auschwitz and passed details of what was happening inside the camps to officials in Slovakia. This document, known as the [[Vrba-Wetzler Report]], was quickly translated into German and passed among Jewish groups and then to Allied officials. Details from the report were broadcast by the BBC on 15 June and printed in ''[[The New York Times]]'' on 20 June.<ref name=Rees>[[Laurence Rees|Rees, Laurence]], ''Auschwitz: A New History'', Public Affairs, 2005. {{ISBN|1-58648-357-9}}</ref> World leaders, including [[Pope Pius XII]] (25 June), President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] on 26 June, and King [[Gustaf V of Sweden]] on 30 June,<ref name=HolokausztMo>[http://www.holokausztmagyarorszagon.hu/index.php?section=1&type=content&chapter=4_3_2 A holokauszt Magyarországon: A deportálások leállítása] (in Hungarian. Retrieved 11 September 2006)</ref> subsequently pleaded with Horthy to use his influence to stop the deportations. Roosevelt specifically threatened military retaliation if the transports were not ceased. On 2 July 1944 Horthy put down a coup attempt by [[Arrow Cross Party|Hungarists]] by using loyal forces. Thereby he temporarily neutralized the men who planned to deport Jews. This enabled Horthy to issue the order halting deportations on 7 July. The transports halted.<ref>Tsvi Erez, "Hungary—Six Days in July 1944." ''Holocaust and Genocide Studies'' 3.1 (1988): 37–53.</ref><ref>Szabolcs Szita, ''Trading in Lives?'' (Central European University Press, Budapest, 2005), pp. 50–54</ref> By that time, 437,000 Jews had been sent to Auschwitz, most of them to their deaths.<ref name=Rees/> Horthy was informed about the number of the deported Jews some days later: "approximately 400,000".<ref name=Ilona/> By many estimates, one of every three people murdered at Auschwitz during its operation was a Hungarian Jew killed between May and July 1944.<ref>Wilkinson, Alec, Picturing Auschwitz, New Yorker Magazine, 17 March 2008. pp. 49–51</ref>

There remains some uncertainty over how much Horthy knew about the number of Hungarian Jews being deported, their destination, and their intended fate – and when he knew it as well as what he could have done about it. According to historian [[Péter Sipos]], the Hungarian government had already known about the Jewish genocide since 1943.<ref>Péter Sipos, [http://www.tankonyvtar.hu/hu/tartalom/historia/94-04/ch11.html Horthy Miklós és Magyarország német megszállása], História (volume 04), 1994</ref> Some historians{{who|date=August 2011}} have argued that Horthy believed that the Jews were being sent to the [[concentration camp|camps]] to work and that they would be returned to Hungary after the war.<ref name=Ilona>Ilona Edelsheim-Gyulai, Becsület és kötelesség, part I, page 264. Európa press, [[Budapest]], 2001. {{ISBN|963-07-6544-6}}</ref> Horthy himself wrote in his memoirs: "Not before August," he wrote, "did secret information reach me of the horrible truth about the extermination camps."<ref name=horthy/> The [[Vrba-Wetzler Report|Vrba-Wetzler statement]] is believed to have been passed to Hungarian [[Zionism|Zionist]] leader [[Rudolf Kastner]] no later than 28 April 1944, Kastner did not make it public.<ref>Martin Gilbert, ''Auschwitz and the Allies: A Devastating Account of How the Allies Responded to the News of Hitler's Mass Murder'' (1981) pp=201–205.</ref> He made an agreement with the [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] to remain silent in order to save the Jews who escaped on the [[Kastner train]]. The "Kastner train", a convoy that enabled Hungarian Jews to escape to Switzerland, left Budapest on 30 June 1944.

===Deposition and arrest===

{{main|Operation Panzerfaust|Government of National Unity (Hungary)}}

In August 1944, [[1944 Romanian coup d'état|Romania withdrew from the Axis]] and turned against Germany and its allies. This development, a sign of the failing German war effort, led Horthy in Budapest to reconsolidate his political position. He ousted Sztójay and the other Nazi-friendly ministers installed the preceding spring, replacing them with a new government under [[Géza Lakatos]]. He stopped the mass deportations of Jews and ordered the police to use deadly force if the Germans attempted to resume them. While some smaller groups continued to be deported by train, the Germans did not press Horthy to ramp the pace back up to pre-August levels. Indeed, when Horthy turned down Eichmann's request to restart the deportations, [[Heinrich Himmler]] ordered Eichmann to return to Germany.<ref>{{cite web|last=Robert J. Hanyok|title=Eavesdropping on Hell: Historical Guide to Western Communications Intelligence and the Holocaust, 1939–1945|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/nsarep.pdf|publisher=NATIONAL SECURITY AGENCY, UNITED STATES CRYPTOLOGIC HISTORY|year=2004|quote=In late July there was a lull in the deportations. After the failed attempt on Hitler's life, the Germans backed off from pressing Horthy's regime to continue further, large-scale deportations. Smaller groups continued to be deported by train. At least one German police message decoded by GC&CS revealed that one trainload of 1,296 Jews from the town of Sarvar in western Hungary Hungarian Jews being rounded up in Budapest (Courtesy: USHMM) had departed for Auschwitz on August 4.112 In late August Horthy refused Eichmann's request to restart the deportations. Himmler ordered Eichmann to leave Budapest}}</ref>

Realizing that Hungary's position was untenable, Horthy also renewed peace feelers to the Allies and began considering strategies for surrendering to the Allied force he distrusted the most: the Red Army. Although Horthy was still bitterly anticommunist, his dealings with the Nazis led him to conclude that the Soviets were the lesser evil. Working through his trustworthy General [[Béla Miklós]], who was in contact with Soviet forces in eastern Hungary, Horthy sought to surrender to the Soviets while preserving the Hungarian government's autonomy. The Soviets willingly promised this, and on 11 October Horthy and the Soviets finally agreed to surrender terms. On 15 October 1944, Horthy told his government ministers that Hungary had signed an armistice with the Soviet Union. He said, <blockquote>"It is clear today that Germany has lost the war... Hungary has accordingly concluded a preliminary armistice with Russia, and will cease all hostilities against her."<ref name="williamson" /> </blockquote>Horthy informed a representative of the German Reich that "we were about to conclude a military armistice with our former enemies and to cease all hostilities against them."<ref name="horthy" />

The Nazis had anticipated Horthy's move. On 15 October, after Horthy announced the armistice in a nationwide radio address, Hitler initiated [[Operation Panzerfaust]], sending commando [[Otto Skorzeny]] to Budapest with instructions to remove Horthy from power. Horthy's son [[Miklós Horthy, Jr.]], was meeting with Soviet representatives to finalize the surrender when Skorzeny and his troops forced their way into the meeting and kidnapped the younger Horthy at gunpoint. Trussed up in a carpet, Miklós Jr. was immediately driven to the airport and flown to Germany to serve as a hostage. Skorzeny then brazenly led a convoy of German troops and four [[Tiger II]] tanks to the Vienna Gates of [[Buda Castle|Castle Hill]], where the Hungarians had been ordered not to resist. Though one unit had not received the order, the Germans quickly captured Castle Hill with minimal bloodshed; seven soldiers were killed and twenty-six wounded.<ref name=williamson>{{cite web|url=http://warandgame.blogspot.com/2008/07/operation-panzerfaust.html |title=War and Game: Operation Panzerfaust |last=Williamson |first=Mitch |access-date=16 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708072245/http://warandgame.blogspot.com/2008/07/operation-panzerfaust.html |archive-date=8 July 2011 }}</ref>

Horthy was captured by Veesenmayer and his staff later on the 15th and taken to the Waffen SS office, where he was held overnight. Veesenmayer told Horthy that unless he recanted the armistice and abdicated, his son would be killed the next morning. The fascist [[Arrow Cross Party]] swiftly took over Budapest. With his son's life in the balance, Horthy consented to sign a document officially abdicating his office and naming [[Ferenc Szálasi]], leader of the [[Arrow Cross]], as both head of state and prime minister. Horthy understood that the Germans merely wanted the stamp of his prestige on a Nazi-sponsored Arrow Cross coup, but he signed anyway. As he later explained his capitulation: <blockquote>"I neither resigned nor appointed Szálasi Premier. I merely exchanged my signature for my son's life. A signature wrung from a man at machine-gun point can have little legality."<ref name="horthy" /></blockquote>Horthy met Skorzeny three days later at Pfeffer-Wildenbruch's apartment and was told he would be transported to Germany in his own special train. Skorzeny told Horthy that he would be a "guest of honour" in a secure Bavarian castle. On 17 October, Horthy was personally escorted by Skorzeny into captivity<ref name=williamson/> at {{interlanguage link|Schloss Hirschberg am Haarsee|de}} in [[Bavaria]], where he was guarded closely, but allowed to live in comfort.<ref name=horthy/>

With the help of the SS, the Arrow Cross leadership moved swiftly to take command of the Hungarian armed forces, and to prevent the surrender that Horthy had arranged, even though Soviet troops were now deep inside the country. Szálasi resumed persecution of Jews and other "undesirables". In the three months between November 1944 and January 1945, Arrow Cross death squads shot 10,000 to 15,000 Jews on the banks of the [[Danube]]. The Arrow Cross also welcomed [[Adolf Eichmann]] back to Budapest, where he began the deportation of the city's surviving Jews. Eichmann never successfully completed this phase of his plans, thwarted in large measure by the efforts of Swedish diplomat [[Raoul Wallenberg]]. Out of a pre-war Hungarian Jewish population estimated at 825,000, only 260,000 survived.

By December 1944, Budapest was under siege by Soviet forces. The Arrow Cross leadership retreated across the Danube into the hills of Buda in late January, and by February the city surrendered to the Soviet forces.

Horthy remained under house arrest in Bavaria until the war in Europe ended. On 29 April, his SS guardians fled in the face of the Allied advance. On 1 May, Horthy was first liberated, and then arrested, by elements of the [[Seventh United States Army|U.S. 7th Army]].<ref name=horthy/>

==Exile==

After his arrest, Horthy was moved through a variety of detention locations before finally arriving at the prison facility at [[Nuremberg]] in late September 1945. There he was asked to provide evidence to the [[Nuremberg Trials|International Military Tribunal]] in preparation for the trial of the Nazi leadership. Although he was interviewed repeatedly about his contacts with some of the defendants, he did not testify in person. In Nuremberg, he was reunited with his son, Miklós Jr.

Horthy gradually came to believe that his arrest had been arranged and choreographed by the United States in order to protect him from the Russians. Indeed, the former regent reported being told that [[Josip Broz Tito]], the new ruler of Yugoslavia, asked that Horthy be charged with complicity with the 1942 [[Novi Sad raid]] by Hungarian troops in the [[Bačka]] region of [[Vojvodina]].<ref name=horthy/> Serbian historian [[Zvonimir Golubović]] has claimed that not only was Horthy aware of these genocidal massacres but had approved of them.<ref name="Zvonimir Golubović 1942. page 194"/> American trial officials did not indict Horthy for war crimes. The former ambassador [[John Flournoy Montgomery|John Montgomery]], who had some influence in Washington, also contributed to Horthy's release in Nuremberg.<ref name=Frank>{{cite book|author=Tibor Frank|author-link=Tibor Frank|title=Discussing Hitler: Advisers of U.S. Diplomacy in Central Europe, 1934–41|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mjykRtYJHkcC&pg=PP4|year=2003|publisher=Central European University Press|isbn=978-963-9241-56-5|page=4}}</ref>

According to the memoirs of [[Ferenc Nagy]], who served for a year as prime minister in post-war Hungary, the Hungarian Communist leadership was also interested in extraditing Horthy for trial. Nagy said that [[Joseph Stalin]] was more forgiving: that Stalin told Nagy during a diplomatic meeting in April 1945 not to judge Horthy, because he was old and had offered an armistice in 1944.<ref>Nagy's 1948 memoirs, ''The Struggle Behind the Iron Curtain'', are quoted in Andrew Simon's annotations to Horthy's ''Memoirs'', in this case for Chapter 22</ref>

On 17 December 1945, Horthy was released from Nuremberg prison and allowed to rejoin his family in the German town of [[Weilheim in Oberbayern|Weilheim]], [[Bavaria]]. The Horthys lived there for four years, supported financially by ambassador John Montgomery, his successor, [[Herbert Pell]], and by [[Pope Pius XII]], whom he knew personally.

In March 1948, Horthy returned to testify at the [[Ministries Trial]], the last of the twelve U.S.-run [[Nuremberg Trials]]; he testified against [[Edmund Veesenmayer]], the Nazi administrator who had controlled Hungary during the deportations to Auschwitz in the spring of 1944.<ref name=horthy/> Veesenmayer was sentenced to 20 years imprisonment but was released in 1951.

For Horthy, returning to Hungary was impossible; it was now firmly in the hands of a Soviet-sponsored Communist government. In an extraordinary twist of fate, the chief of Hungary's post-war Communist apparatus was [[Mátyás Rákosi]], one of [[Béla Kun]]'s colleagues from the ill-fated Communist coup of 1919. Kun had been executed during Stalin's purges of the late 1930s, but Rákosi had survived in a Hungarian prison cell. In 1940, Horthy had permitted Rákosi to emigrate to the Soviet Union in exchange for a series of highly symbolic Hungarian battle-flags from the 19th century that were in Russian hands.

In 1950, the Horthy family managed to find a home in Portugal, thanks to Miklós Jr.'s contacts with Portuguese diplomats in Switzerland. Horthy and members of his family were relocated to the seaside town of [[Estoril]]. His American supporter, John Montgomery, recruited a small group of wealthy Hungarians to raise funds for their upkeep in exile. According to Horthy's daughter-in-law, Countess [[Ilona Edelsheim-Gyulai]], Hungarian Jews also supported Horthy's family in exile,<ref name=Frank/> including industrialist Ferenc Chorin and lawyer László Pathy.<ref>From the [http://www.historicaltextarchive.com/books.php?op=viewbook&bookid=9&post=1 ''Annotated Memoirs of Admiral Miklós Horthy''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814231438/http://www.historicaltextarchive.com/books.php?op=viewbook&bookid=9&post=1 |date=14 August 2014 }} (accessed 2009 September 5).</ref>

In exile, Horthy wrote his memoirs, ''Ein Leben für Ungarn'' (English: ''A Life for Hungary''), published under the name of Nikolaus von Horthy, in which he narrated many personal experiences from his youth until the end of World War II. He claimed that he had distrusted Hitler for much of the time he knew him and tried to perform the best actions and appoint the best officials in his country. He also highlighted Hungary's mistreatment by many other countries since the end of World War I. Horthy was one of the few Axis heads of state to survive the war, and thus to write post-war memoirs.

[[File:Kenderes Horthy családi sírbolt.jpg|thumb|The Horthy family crypt in [[Kenderes]], where Horthy himself was reburied in 1993]]

Horthy never lost his deep contempt for communism, and in his memoirs he blamed Hungary's alliance with the Axis on the threat posed by the "Asiatic barbarians" of the Soviet Union. He railed against the influence that the Allies' victory had given to Stalin's totalitarian state. "I feel no urge to say 'I told you so,' " Horthy wrote, "nor to express bitterness at the experiences that have been forced upon me. Rather, I feel wonder and amazement at the vagaries of humanity."<ref name=horthy/>

Horthy married [[Magdolna Purgly|Magdolna Purgly de Jószáshely]] in 1901; they were married for just over 56 years, until his death. He had two sons, [[Miklós Horthy, Jr.]] (often rendered in English as "Nicholas" or "Nikolaus") and [[István Horthy]], who served as his political assistants; and two daughters, Magda and Paula. Of his four children, only Miklós outlived him.

He died in 1957 in [[Estoril]] and was initially buried in the [[British Cemetery, Lisbon]]. According to footnotes in his memoirs, Horthy was very distraught about the failure of the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956]]. In his will, Horthy asked that his body not be returned to Hungary "until the last Russian soldier has left." His heirs honored the request. In 1993, two years after the Soviet troops left Hungary, Horthy's body was returned to Hungary and he was buried in his hometown of [[Kenderes]]. The reburial in Hungary was the subject of some controversy on the part of the left.<ref>Perlez, Jane, '"Reburial is Both a Ceremony and a Test for Today's Hungary," ''The New York Times'', 5 September 1993</ref>

==Honours==

===National honours===

* [[Military Order of Maria Theresa|Military Order of Maria Theresa Grand Cross]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vitezirend.co.hu/Tradition/horthy_kituntetesei.htm|title=Untitled Document|website=www.vitezirend.co.hu}}</ref>
* [[Military Order of Maria Theresa|Military Order of Maria Theresa Knight's Cross]]
* [[Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary|Royal Hungarian Order of Saint Stephen Grand Cross]]
* [[Order of Merit of the Kingdom of Hungary|Cross of Merit of the Kingdom of Hungary Grand Cross]]
* [[Order of Merit of the Kingdom of Hungary|Order of Merit of the Kingdom of Hungary Grand Cross]]
* [[Order of Merit of the Kingdom of Hungary|Order of Merit of the Kingdom of Hungary imposed with the Holy Crown of Hungary Grand Cross]]
* [[Hungarian Red Cross|Hungarian Red Cross Decoration Star]]
* [[Military Merit Cross (Austria-Hungary)|Military Merit Cross 2nd Class with war decoration]]
* [[Order of Leopold (Austria)|Order of Leopold Knight's Cross with war decoration]]
* [[Order of the Iron Crown (Austria)|Order of the Iron Crown 3rd Class with war decoration]]
* [[Military Merit Cross (Austria-Hungary)|Military Merit Cross 1st Class with war decoration and swords]]
* [[Military Merit Medal (Austria-Hungary)|Bronze Military Merit Medal "Signum Laudis" with war ribbon and swords]]
* [[Military Merit Medal (Austria-Hungary)|Bronze Military Merit Medal "Signum Laudis" on red civil ribbon]]
* [[Order of the Iron Crown (Austria)|Order of the Iron Crown 3rd Class with war decoration and swords]]
* [[Military Merit Medal (Austria-Hungary)|Hungarian Bronze Military Merit Medal "Signum Laudis"]]
* [[Military Merit Medal (Austria-Hungary)|Hungarian Bronze Military Merit Medal "Signum Laudis" on war ribbon]]
* [[Franz Joseph Commemorative Badge|Franz Joseph Commemorative Badge 1st Class]]
* [[Karl Troop Cross]]
* [[Wound Medal (Austria-Hungary)|Wound Medal]]
* [[Hungarian War Memorial Medal|Hungarian War Memorial Medal with Swords]]
* [[Military Service Cross|Military Service Cross 1st Class for 50 years of continuous service]]
* [[Military Service Cross|Military Service Cross 2nd Class for 30 years of continuous service]]
* [[Military Service Cross (Austria-Hungary)|Military Service Cross 3rd Class for 25 years of continuous service]]
* [[1898 Jubilee Medal|1898 Jubilee Medal (Signum Memoriae)]]
* [[1908 Jubilee Cross]]
* [[Mobilization Cross 1912/13]]
* [[Order of Vitéz]]

===Foreign honours===

[[File:Coat of Arms of Miklós Horthy (Order of Charles III).svg|thumb|Coat of arms of Miklós Horthy as Knight of the [[Order of Charles III]] (Spain)]]

* {{flag|Albania}}: [[Order of Fidelity (Albania)|Order of Besa]], Grand Cross
* {{flag|Austria}}
**[[War Commemorative Medal (Austria)|War Commemorative Medal]]
**[[Order of Merit (Austria)|Order of Merit]], Grand Cross
* {{flag|Belgium}}: [[Order of Leopold (Belgium)|Order of Leopold]], Grand Cordon
* {{flag|Bulgaria}}:
** [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Bulgaria#Medals|Memorial medal "For Participation In The European War 1915–1918"]]
** [[Order of Saints Cyril and Methodius]], Grand Cross
* {{flag|Chile}}: [[Order of Merit (Chile)|Order of Merit]], Grand Cross
* {{flag|Croatia}}: [[Grand Order of King Dmitar Zvonimir]]
* {{flag|Denmark}}: [[Order of the Elephant]]
* {{flag|Kingdom of Egypt}}: [[Order of Muhammad Ali]], Grand Cross
* {{flag|Estonia}}
** [[Order of the Cross of the Eagle]], 1st Class
** [[Cross of Liberty (Estonia)|Cross of Liberty]]
** [[Order of the Estonian Red Cross]], 1st Class
** Collar of the [[Order of the White Star]]
* {{flag|Finland}}
** [[Order of the White Rose of Finland]], Grand Cross
** [[Memorial Medal of the Winter War (1939-1940)]]
* {{flag|German Empire}}:
**[[Iron Cross]]
*** [[Iron Cross|1st Class (1914)]]
*** [[Iron Cross|2nd Class (1914)]]
** {{flag|Kingdom of Bavaria}}:
*** [[Order of Saint Michael (Bavaria)|Order of Saint Michael]], 2nd Class
**{{flag|Prussia}}:
*** [[Order of Saint John (Bailiwick of Brandenburg)]]
*** [[Order of the Red Eagle]], 2nd Class with Swords
*** [[Order of the Crown (Prussia)|Order of the Crown]], 3rd Class
* {{flag|Nazi Germany}}
** [[Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross]]
** [[Iron Cross]]
*** Clasp to the Iron Cross 1st Class
*** Clasp to the Iron Cross 2nd Class
** [[The Honour Cross of the World War 1914/1918]]
** [[Order of the German Eagle]], Grand Cross
* {{flag|Greece}}: [[Order of the Redeemer]], Grand Cross
* {{flag|Kingdom of Italy}}:
** [[Order of the Crown of Italy]], Grand Officer
** [[Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation]]
* {{flag|Japanese Empire}}: [[Order of the Chrysanthemum]], Grand Cross
* {{flag|Latvia}}: [[Order of the Three Stars]] Commander, Grand Cross with Chain
* {{flag|SMOM}}: [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta]], 1st Class
* {{flag|Montenegro|1905}}:
**[[Jubilee Medal 1908 (Montenegro)]]
**[[Order of Prince Danilo I]], 2nd Class
* {{flag|Netherlands}}: [[Order of the Netherlands Lion]], Grand Cross
* {{flag|Norway}}: [[Order of St. Olav]], Grand Cross
* {{flag|Ottoman Empire}}:
**[[Imtiyaz Medal]]
**[[Order of Osmanieh]], 2nd Class
** [[Gallipoli Star|Iron Crescent]]
*{{flag|Poland}}:
**[[Order of the White Eagle (Poland)|Order of the White Eagle]], Grand Cross
* {{flag|Spain}}: [[Order of Charles III]], Collar and Grand Cross of Collar
* {{flag|Sweden}}: [[Royal Order of the Seraphim]]
* {{flag|Thailand}}: [[Order of the White Elephant]], Grand Cross
* {{flag|Vatican}}:
**[[Order of the Golden Spur]], Cross
**[[Order of the Holy Sepulchre]], Grand Cross
* {{flag|Kingdom of Yugoslavia}}: [[Order of Karađorđe's Star]], Grand Cross

===Postage stamps===

* Horthy was honoured by issuance of many postage stamps by Hungary. Some of them issued: on 1 March 1930,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://colnect.com/en/stamps/stamp/180096-Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy_Regent_of_Hungary-10th_Governing_Anniversary_of_Regent_Mikl%C3%B3s_Horhty-Hungary|title=Stamp: Miklós Horthy, Regent of Hungary (Hungary) (10th Governing Anniversary of Regent Miklós Horhty) Mi:HU 458,Sn:HU 445,Yt:HU 423,Sg:HU 513|website=Colnect}}</ref> on 1 January 1938,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://colnect.com/en/stamps/stamp/180040-Admiral_Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy_1868-1957_regent-Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy-Hungary|title=Stamp: Admiral Miklós Horthy (1868–1957) regent (Hungary) (Miklós Horthy) Mi:HU 566,Sn:HU 526,Yt:HU 507,Sg:HU 616,AFA:HU 540|website=Colnect}}</ref> on 1 March 1940,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://colnect.com/en/stamps/stamp/180026-Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy_at_Szeged-20th_Governing_Anniversary_of_Regent_Mikl%C3%B3s_Horhty-Hungary|title=Stamp: Miklós Horthy at Szeged (Hungary) (20th Governing Anniversary of Regent Miklós Horhty) Mi:HU 626,Sn:HU 555,Yt:HU 547,Sg:HU 661,AFA:HU 587|website=Colnect}}</ref> on 18 June 1941<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://colnect.com/en/stamps/stamp/180020-Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy_Regent_of_Hungary-Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy-Hungary|title=Stamp: Miklós Horthy, Regent of Hungary (Hungary) (Miklós Horthy) Mi:HU 657,Sn:HU 570,Yt:HU 570,Sg:HU 686A,AFA:HU 614A|website=Colnect}}</ref> and on 18 June 1941.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://colnect.com/en/stamps/stamp/180022-Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy_Regent_of_Hungary-Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy-Hungary|title=Stamp: Miklós Horthy, Regent of Hungary (Hungary) (Miklós Horthy) Mi:HU 659,Sn:HU 572,Yt:HU 572,Sg:HU 688A,AFA:HU 617|website=Colnect}}</ref>

==Legacy==

[[File:Miklós Horthy, Budapešť.jpg|right|thumb|upright|In 2013, the unveiling of Horthy's bust in a Calvinist Church in Budapest was followed by national and international criticisms.<ref name=contentious/>]]

{{blockquote|What did the average Hungarian learn in the [[People's Republic of Hungary|good old days]]? He learned that the Horthy regime was restorationist, fascist, fascistoid, half-fascist, dictatorial, militaristic, nationalist, selfish, exploitative, power-hungry, servile, and so on. And primarily: counterrevolutionary. Now he hears and reads: conservative, autocratic, authoritarian, undemocratic, patriotic, self-interested, dynamic, reformist, abandoned, deceived, etc. Now I think that here and now a new, considered synthesis has not yet seen the light of day, even if it has in most of the world. For the Hungarian obviously does not wish to surrender his own history when he finally, and rightly, believes it could be his.{{sfn|Ormos|1997|p=179}}|Mária Ormos}}

{{blockquote|I consider Miklós Horthy a patriot, who also must be found a respected place in the [[national memory]].|[[József Antall]]}}

The interwar period dominated by Horthy's government is known in Hungarian as the ''Horthy-kor'' ("Horthy age") or ''Horthy-rendszer'' ("Horthy system"). Its legacy, and that of Horthy himself, remain among the most controversial political topics in Hungary today, tied inseparably to the [[Treaty of Trianon]] and the [[Holocaust]]. According to one school of thought, Horthy was a strong, conservative, but not undemocratic leader who only entered into an alliance with Hitler's Germany in order to restore lands Hungary lost after the First World War and was reluctant, or even defiant, in the face of Germany's demands to deport the Hungarian Jewry.<ref name="képeink"/> Others see Horthy's alliance with Germany as foolhardy,<ref name="képeink"/> or think that a positive view of Horthy serves a revisionist historical agenda,<ref>{{cite web|last1=LaCouter|first1=Travis|title=Miklós Horthy, Addressing A Troubled Past|url=http://www.paprikapolitik.com/2012/07/miklos-horthy-addressing-a-troubled-past-2/|website=Paprika Politik|access-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> pointing to Horthy's passage of various anti-Jewish laws – the earliest in Europe, in 1920 – as a sign of his anti-Semitism and the prelude for Hungary's collaboration in the Holocaust.<ref name=contentious/>

===During the Horthy era===

During his own reign, Horthy's reception was fairly positive, though by no means monolithic. Opponents of the short-lived [[Hungarian Soviet Republic|Soviet Republic]] saw him as a "national saviour", in contrast to the Communist "losers of the nation."<ref name=Rubicon6>Rubicon Történelmi Magazin/A Horthy-kép változásai/Országmentő 6. oldal</ref> Because Horthy distanced himself from everyday politics, he was able to cultivate the image of the nationally governing admiral. The peaceful re-acquisition of Hungarian-majority lands lost after Trianon greatly bolstered this image.<ref name=Rubicon10>Rubicon Történelmi Magazin/A Horthy-kép változásai/Hongyarapító 10. oldal</ref> The regime's efforts at economic development and modernization also improved contemporaries' opinions, and although the Great Depression initially hurt his image, Horthy's wide-ranging social programs saved face for the most part.<ref name="XXszázadban">[{{MEK|02100/02185/html/27.html}} Magyarország a XX. században. A világháború árnyékában.]</ref>

On the other hand, Horthy's right-wing tendencies were not without their critics even in his time. Bourgeois liberals, among them [[Sándor Márai]], criticized Horthy's authoritarian style as much as they disdained the violent tendencies of the far-left.<ref name="Márai">Márai Sándor: Napló (1943–1944) 292. oldal; „S a végső felelősség mégis Horthyé és embereié, akik engedték nőni, tenyészni a szellemet, amelyből mindez kérlelhetetlen végzettel következett."</ref> He was also criticized by monarchists and elements of the aristocracy and clergy.<ref name=Rubicon>Rubicon Történelmi Magazin: A Horthy-kép változásai</ref> While the harshest opposition to Horthy initially came from the Communist parties he had overthrown and outlawed, the later 1930s saw him come under increasing criticism from the far-right. After the [[Arrow Cross Party]] took control of the country in 1944, Horthy was denounced as a "traitor" and "Jew-lover".

[[File:Magyarország határai 1920-1944.png|thumb|330px|left|Hungary's borders (in increasing color) in 1920, 1938, 1940 and 1941]]

Horthy's reception in the West was positive until the outbreak of the Second World War, and while Hitler initially backed Horthy, relations between the two leaders were soured by Horthy's denial of involvement in the [[1939 invasion of Poland|invasions of Poland]] and [[German occupation of Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovakia]]. Horthy likewise viewed the Nazis as "brigands and clowns."<ref>http://zsofika.com/ormos-maria-a-a-gyilkossagrol-es-a-hazugsagrol/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213023610/http://zsofika.com/ormos-maria-a-a-gyilkossagrol-es-a-hazugsagrol/ |date=13 December 2014 }} Ormos Mária: A gyilkosságról és a hazugságról (csurgói beszéd)(gondolatok a nemzetiszocializmusról)</ref> The [[Little Entente]] criticized Horthy, mainly for his irredentist policy goals.<ref name=Kisantant>{{cite web|url=http://www.mult-kor.hu/cikk.php?article=13842 |title=85 éve alakult meg a Kisantant. A múlt-kor cikke Németh István: Európa-tervek 1300–1945. című tanulmánya alapján |date=6 June 2011 |publisher=Mult-kor.hu |access-date=21 August 2014}}</ref>

===During the Communist era===

Under the [[Marxism–Leninism]] mandated during the [[People's Republic of Hungary|Communist era]], the Horthy era was generally depicted negatively. Scholars{{who|date=November 2021}} agree that due to political pressure, Horthy's positive achievements were unmentioned while his shortcomings were exaggerated.

The Communist takeover in 1945 saw the same powers{{who|date=November 2021}} that had denounced Horthy as an "executioner" and a "murdering monster" assume control of the state. During the 1950s, [[Mátyás Rákosi]]'s hardliner [[Stalinist]] government systematically disseminated, through propaganda and state education, the idea that the Horthy era constituted the "lowest point in Hungarian history."<ref name="képeink"/> These views were supported by socialist or communist activists persecuted under the Horthy administration. Especially critical in this campaign was the 1950 publication of the textbook ''The Story of the Hungarian People'', which denounced Horthy's military as a "genocidal band" consisting of "sociopathic officers, [[kulak]]s, and the dregs of society."<ref name="képeink"/> It further characterized Horthy himself as a "slave of the Habsburgs", a "red-handed dictator" who "spoke broken Hungarian" and was known for his "hatred of workers and [[Soviet (council)|soviet]]s."<ref name="képeink"/> ''The Story of the Hungarian People'' was required reading in middle schools throughout the 1950s.<ref name="képeink"/>

The [[Kádár era]]'s relative liberalization, coupled with the concomitant professionalization of Hungarian history and historiography, allowed for more objective historical assessments of Horthy's career. Popular volumes still painted him negatively, openly leveling ''ad hominem'' attacks: Horthy was accused of bastardy, lechery, sadism, greed, nepotism, bloodthirst, warmongering, and cowardice, among other vices.<ref name="képeink"/> Academic evaluations became more nuanced, however. Péter Gosztony's 1973 biography, for example, portrayed Horthy as a conscientious, traditional conservative.<ref>Peter Gosztony, ''Miklós von Horthy: Admiral u. Reichsverweser'' (German Edition, 1973).</ref> Gostony argued that Horthy did not seek a dictatorship until the 1930s and, although he was unable to prevent the German invasion of Yugoslavia, sought to maintain a moderately liberal government, citing his replacement of hardliner [[László Bárdossy]] with [[Miklós Kállay]] as prime minister as evidence of this. Thomas Sakmyster was also sympathetic while acknowledging Horthy's "narrow-mindededness."<ref>Thomas Sakmyster, ''Hungary's Admiral on Horseback: Miklo's Horthy, 1918–1944'' (1994).</ref> Contemporary Hungarian-American historian [[István Deák]] regards Horthy as typical of other strongmen of the era, especially dictators [[Francisco Franco]] of Spain and [[Philippe Pétain]] of Vichy France. Deák writes that during the war, Horthy

{{Blockquote
|text=alternatively promoted and opposed German influence in his country, depending on how he judged the probable outcome of the war... Similarly, Horthy both persecuted and protected his Jewish subjects, depending on the turn of military events and the social status and degree of assimilation of the Jews under his reign. In the end, he was neither tried nor imprisoned but at the urging of Stalin was allowed to go into exile in Portugal.<ref>Deák, István, ''Europe on Trial: The Story of Collaboration, Resistance, and Retribution During World War II'' (2015) p. 9.</ref>
}} Many of Horty's decedents who worked and were associated with the communist government generally referred to him in a negative light with the most prominent of them being the Anđelković family a Yugoslav-Hungarian branch of Horty's family that fought against the Hungarian occupation of Vojvodina.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

===Reburial and contemporary politics===

[[File:Horthy Miklós újratemetése - Kenderes, 1993.09.04 (4).jpg|thumb|Horthy's 4 September 1993 reburial in [[Kenderes]]. The government's open support of the ceremony incited protests and international attention]]

The transition to a [[End of communism in Hungary (1989)|Western-style democracy]] allowed the privatization of media, which led to a shift in how Horthy was viewed in Hungary. In 1993, only a few years after the first democratic elections, Horthy's body was returned from Portugal to his hometown of [[Kenderes]]. Tens of thousands of people, as well as almost the entirety of [[József Antall]]'s [[Hungarian Democratic Forum|MDF]] cabinet, attended the ceremony. Antall had prefaced the burial with a series of interviews praising Horthy as a "patriot."<ref name=NYT>{{cite news|last1=Perlez|first1=Jane|title=Reburial Is Both a Ceremony and a Test for Today's Hungary|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/09/05/world/reburial-is-both-a-ceremony-and-a-test-for-today-s-hungary.html|access-date=15 July 2014|work=The New York Times|date=5 September 1993}}</ref> The reburial was broadcast on state television and was accompanied by large-scale protests in Budapest.<ref name=NYT/>

In contemporary Hungary, the [[hagiography]] of Horthy is associated with the far-right [[Jobbik]] party and its allies. The national-conservative [[Fidesz]] has also voiced some positive opinions of Horthy's legacy. Since 2012, Horthy statues, squares have been renamed after, and memorials have been erected to him in numerous villages and cities including [[Csókakő]],<ref name=bloomberg/> [[Kereki]], [[Gyömrő]], and [[Debrecen]].<ref name=spiegel/> In November 2013, the unveiling of a Horthy statue at a [[Reformed Church in Hungary|Calvinist church]] in Budapest drew international attention and criticism.<ref name=contentious/>

''[[Der Spiegel]]'' has written about the resurgence of what its writers call "the Horthy cult", claiming that Horthy's popularity indicates returning [[irredentist]], [[reactionary]], and [[ultranationalistic]] elements.<ref name=spiegel/> Critics have more specifically connected Horthy's popularity to the ''[[Magyar Gárda]]'', a paramilitary group that uses [[Árpád dynasty]] imagery and to recent incidents of [[antiziganist]] and [[antisemitic]] vandalism in Hungary.<ref name=bloomberg/> Meanwhile, Fidesz has, according to reporters, "hedged its bets" on the Horthy controversy, refusing to outright condemn Horthy statues and other commemorations for fear of losing right-wing voters to Jobbik. Some Fidesz politicians have labeled Horthy memorials "provocative," however.<ref name=contentious/> This tension has led some to label Fidesz as "implicitly anti-semitic" and to accuse Prime Minister [[Viktor Orbán]] of a "revisionist" agenda.<ref name=spiegel/>

Left-wing groups such as the [[Hungarian Socialist Party]] have condemned positive historiography of Horthy. In 2012, for instance, then-party leader [[Attila Mesterházy]] condemned the Orbán government's position as "inexcusable", claiming that Fidesz was "openly associating itself with the ideology of the regime that collaborated with the fascists."<ref name=bloomberg/> Words have led to actions in some instances, as when leftist activist Péter Dániel vandalized a [[Kereki|rural]] bust of Horthy by dousing it in red paint and hanging a sign that read "Mass Murderer – War Criminal" around its neck. Ultranationalist vandals reacted by desecrating a Jewish cemetery in [[Székesfehérvár]] and vandalizing several Holocaust memorials in Budapest.<ref name=spiegel/><ref name=ADL2012>{{cite web |title= Global Anti-Semitism: Selected Incidents Around the World: Hungary |publisher=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |location=New York City |date= 31 December 2012 |url= https://www.adl.org/news/article/global-anti-semitism-selected-incidents-around-the-world-in-2012 |access-date=23 December 2020}}</ref>

In 2017, Orbán affirmed his positive view of Horthy, commenting in a speech that he considers Horthy an "exceptional statesman" and giving him credit for the survival of the Hungarian state in the First World War's aftermath. The [[U.S. Holocaust Museum]] responded in a statement denouncing Orbán and the Hungarian government for trying to "rehabilitate the reputation of Hungary's wartime leader, Miklós Horthy, who was a vocal anti-Semite and complicit in the murder of the country's Jewish population during the Holocaust."<ref>{{cite news|last=Krupkin |first=Taly |url=http://www.haaretz.com/us-news/.premium-1.798471 |title=U.S. Holocaust museum denounces Hungarian PM for erasing wartime crimes – U.S. News |work=Haaretz |access-date=30 June 2017}}</ref>

==Film and television portrayals==

In the 1985 NBC TV film ''[[Wallenberg: A Hero's Story]]'', the role of Horthy was taken by Hungarian-born actor [[Guy Deghy]], who appeared bearded although Horthy (as photographs bore out) appeared consistently clean-shaven throughout his life.

In the 2011 Spanish TV film series, ''[[El ángel de Budapest]]'' (The angel of Budapest), also set during Wallenberg's time in Hungary in 1944, he is portrayed by actor [[László Agárdi]]. In the 2014 American action drama film ''[[Walking with the Enemy]]'', Horthy is portrayed by [[Ben Kingsley]]. The movie depicts a story of a young man during the [[Operation Panzerfaust|Arrow Cross Party takeover]] in Hungary.

==See also==

* ''[[El ángel de Budapest]]''
* [[European interwar dictatorships]]
* [[History of Hungary]]
* [[Mediterranean naval engagements during World War I]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading and references==

* Bodó, Béla, ''Paramilitary Violence in Hungary After the First World War''. East European Quarterly, No. 2, Vol. 38, 22 June 2004
* Deák, István, ''Europe on Trial: The Story of Collaboration, Resistance, and Retribution During World War II'' (2015), 9, 88—102.
* Deák, István. "Admiral and Regent Miklós Horthy: Some Thoughts on a Controversial Statesman" ''Hungarian Quarterly'' (Fall 1996) 37#143 pp 78–89.
* Dreisziger, N. F. "Introduction. Miklos Horthy and the Second World War: Some Historiographical Perspectives." ''Hungarian Studies Review'' 23.1 (1996): 5–16.
* Dreisziger, Nandor F. "Bridges to the West: The Horthy Regime's ‘Reinsurance Policies’ in 1941." ''War & Society'' 7.1 (1989): 1–23.
* Fenyo, Mario D. ''Hitler, Horthy, and Hungary: German-Hungarian Relations, 1941–1944'' (Yale UP, 1972).
* Kállay, Nicholas. ''Hungarian Premier: A Personal Account of a Nation's Struggle in the Second World War'' (1954) [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2145653 online review]
*[[Owen Rutter|Rutter, Owen]], ''Regent of Hungary: The Authorized Life of Admiral Nicholas Horthy'' London, [[Rich and Cowan]], 1938
* Sakmyster, Thomas. ''Hungary's Admiral on Horseback''. (East European Monographs, Boulder, CO 1994). {{ISBN|0-88033-293-X}}
* Sakmyster, Thomas. "From Habsburg Admiral to Hungarian Regent: The Political Metamorphosis of Miklós Horthy, 1918–1921." ''East European Quarterly'' 17.2 (1983): 129–148.

==External links==

{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons category}}
* [http://countrystudies.us/hungary/30.htm ''Trianon Hungary''. U.S. Library of Congress Country Study]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060306134317/http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/horthy/horthy.pdf Horthy, Miklós: The Annotated Memoirs (pdf)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070926222603/http://historicaltextarchive.com/books.php?op=viewbook&bookid=7&cid=8 John Flournoy Montgomery, The Unwilling Satellite] e-book version on historicaltextarchive.com
* [http://www.horthy.hu/ Miklós Horthy Association] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060306175544/http://www.horthy.hu/ |date=6 March 2006 }}
* [http://www.oocities.org/veldes1/horthy.html Biography of Admiral Miklós Horthy]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060419214716/http://www.hungarian-history.hu/lib/montgo/index.htm Montgomery,John,Flournoy: Hungary-The unwilling satellite]

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{{s-aft|after=[[Sándor Belitska]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Károly Huszár]]|as=acting Head of State}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Regent of Hungary]]|years=1920–1944}}
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{{s-aft|after=[[Janko Vuković]]}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Vitéz|Captain General of the Order of Vitéz]]|years=1920–1957}}
{{s-aft|after= [[Archduke Joseph August of Austria|Archduke Joseph August]]}}
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2023-09-11T00:35:38Z

Red0072:

{{short description|Communist Romania strict rules}}
{{redirect|Censorship in Romania|censorship in present-day Romania|Media of Romania#Censorship}}
{{Censorship by country}}
'''Censorship in Communist Romania''' occurred during the [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Socialist Republic]] in two stages: under the first Communist president [[Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej]] (1947-1965) and the second and last Communist president [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]] (1965-1989).

==Groza government (1945–1947)==

[[Petru Groza]] became the [[Prime Minister of Romania|Prime Minister]] in 1945, and under [[Soviet occupation of Romania|Soviet occupation]], his government started to communize Romania. Citizens' Committees were formed to assist the police, and thus, it was justified for these committees and the police to randomly check people's documents on the street, to search people's home without any notification and to inspect suspicious billeting refugees or Soviet officers.<ref name="Deletant">{{cite book |last=Deletant |first=Dennis |title=Communist terror in Romania: Gheorghiu-Dej and the Police State, 1948-1965 |date=1999 |publisher=[[C. Hurst & Co.]] |isbn=1850653860 |location=London |author-link=Dennis Deletant}}</ref> There was also widespread violent repression and abrupt communization of the country in [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Romania]] in the context of post-World War II.<ref name="Ciobanu"/> The supporters of the communist regime labeled the group of opponents as fascists, criminals, or anti-national components under Western interests, and blamed those opponents for destabilizing the country. Groza himself told the British journalists in 1945 that about 90,000 Romanians had been arrested in two months right after he seized the power.<ref name="Deletant"/> Groza also tried to get rid of the final obstacle to complete Soviet domination of Romania: overthrowing the [[Kingdom of Romania]] run by [[King of Romania|King]] [[Michael I of Romania|Michael]]. In the last half of 1947, King Michael was still on the regime while Soviet had so much power on Romanian economy.<ref name="Cleveland">{{cite web|last=Cleveland|first=Robert|title=Country and Subject Reader Series, Romania|url=http://adst.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Romania.pdf|website=Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training}}</ref> Though pre-war Romania showed some features of democracy such as a constitution, a parliament, political parties etc., it still had a king and was politically oligarchic. As the King Michael continuously refused to abdicate the throne, Groza threatened him with the civil war. Michael wanted to avoid the bloodshed and he gave in on 30 December 1947, and on that same day, the Romanian People's Republic was declared.<ref name="Cleveland"/>

== Under Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej (1947–1965) ==
As the Romanian People's Republic was declared, [[Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej]] became the first president of the country and the Communist politicians, including himself, were eager to establish the foundation of the totalitarian state. As a first step, on 4 February 1948, a Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance between Romania and the Soviet Union was signed.<ref name="Deletant"/> Soviet Union became a more influent power in Romania territory after this treaty was signed and Gheorghe carried out terrifying tasks, all imposed by Soviet Russia. As the communism became widespread in Romania (backed up by the Soviet Union), there was a strong censorship throughout political, economic, and cultural sectors in the Romanian society.

When it comes to the cultural sector, the communist regime of Romania often used party-state propaganda to erase all the symbols and artifacts of the pre-communist era which could have remained in people's mind.<ref name="Ciobanu"/> The communist party activists started the control of art "to eliminate and erase all traces of the previous configuration" and to dismantle the previous institutional model, etc.<ref name="Preda"/> The communist Romanian government not only got rid of all the previous institutions and art legacies which were founded in the pre-communist era, but also physically eliminated many actors, musicians, painters etc. As Romania established the Soviet model of communization process, it was taken for granted for authorities to impose "physical (arrests, killings, institutional purges) and psychological repression (terror, corruption, compromise)".<ref name="Preda">{{cite web|last1=Preda|first1=Caterina|title=Chile and Romania: Censorship in Dictatorships|url=http://www.fairobserver.com/region/europe/chile-and-romania-censorship-in-dictatorships-14067/|website=Fair Observer|date=August 2014 }}</ref> In the meantime, the communist Romanian government announced lists of forbidden volumes between 1944 and 1948 along with the lists of forbidden writers. For the institutional level, the last thing Romanian government wanted was intellectuals who could be possible insurgents. Thus, government authorities expelled professors and students from universities and never let them come back again.<ref name="Preda"/> At the same time, the “Cominform Journal” was published under the Communist Party's supervision and this was delivered all around the world as the journal was published in many languages.<ref name="Williams">{{cite web|last1=Williams|first1=Murat|title=Country and Subject Reader Series, Romania|url=http://adst.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Romania.pdf|website=Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training}}</ref> Cominform Journal specifically dealt with communism and was used to teach and spread the ideology all over the world and what were the right things to do under communism.<ref name="Williams"/>

In regards to the political sector, to suppress the prevalent anti-communism and anti-Sovietism at that time, communist regime implemented many censorships everywhere in Romania, e.g. military force was mobilized to dismantle anti-communist movement.<ref name="Ciobanu">{{cite journal|last=Ciobanu|first=Monica|title=Remembering the Romanian Anti-Communist Armed Resistance: An Analysis of Local Lived Experience|journal=Eurostudia|volume=10|issue=1|year=2015|pages=105–123|doi=10.7202/1033884ar|doi-access=free}}</ref> The people who were involved in resistance movements were hunted down by the authorities and usually incarcerated. There was religious persecution in Romania when it comes to Greek Catholics.<ref name="Ciobanu"/> As Romania became part of the communist bloc after World War II, the Romanian Communist Party considered religion as a capitalist remnant, which could make people confused about the country's ideology.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Stan|first1=Lavinia|last2=Lucian|first2=Turcescu|title=The Romanian Orthodox Church and Post-communist Democratisation|date=2000|publisher=Europe - Asia Studies 52|pages=1467–488|edition=no. 8}}</ref> Despite this, the Romanian Communist Party still wanted to keep churches as the party thought that religion could be used to mobilize people and thus, to achieve the party's socioeconomic and political goals. Under communism, the church and the Communist party made a contract: the party would not repress the church in exchange for its unconditional supports. However, the church was still not allowed to pursue educational and charitable activities. There was even a patrimonial investigation made by authorities which claims that some people were punished for what their ancestors or kinship did.<ref name="Ciobanu"/> People could have been prisoned just for having relatives abroad or making a joke against communism.<ref name="vianu">{{cite book |last1=Vianu |first1=Lidia |title=Censorship in Romania |date=1998 |publisher=[[Central European University|Central European University Press]] |isbn=9639116092 |location=Budapest}}</ref> In addition, the Romanian government limited the number of Americans to stay in the country.<ref name="Williams"/> Though Romania back then had some American ambassadors or politicians in its own territories, the movements of those Americans were severely restricted by the Romanian government.<ref name="Williams"/> Foreign diplomats were not allowed to travel around the country without special permission or to go near the [[Black Sea]] coast.<ref name="Mark">{{cite web|last1=Mark|first1=David|title=Country and Subject Reader Series, Romania|url=http://adst.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Romania.pdf|website=Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training}}</ref> The Romanian government ruthlessly harassed people who had contact with American delegates. The government actually murdered a person, part of the local staff, by pumping too much Sodium pentothal, the truth drug, into her as a punishment for being associated with the American legations.<ref name="Mark"/>

Speaking of the economic sector, the Soviet Union had taken control of Romania's economy by creating about 20-22 [[SovRom|Soviet-Romanian joint companies]], including the airline company, the steel mills, the insurance company, road transport, harbors, etc.<ref name="Mark"/> The Soviets at that time seems to thoroughly dominate the East European area.

Virtually every published document, be it a newspaper article or a book, had to pass the censor's approval. The strictness of the censorship varied with time, the tightest being during the Stalinist era of the 1950s and the loosest during the early period of [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]]'s rule, which ended with the [[July Theses]].

The purpose of the censorship apparatus was to subordinate all the aspects of the [[Romanian culture]] (including literature, history, art and philosophy) to the [[Romanian Communist Party|Communist Party]]'s ideology. All features of the Romanian culture were reinterpreted according to the regime's ideology, and any other interpretations were banned as forms of "bourgeois decadence".<ref>{{cite book|first=Vladimir |last=Tismăneanu|author-link= Vladimir Tismăneanu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VemOBAAAQBAJ|title=Stalinism pentru eternitate|publisher= [[Polirom]]|location= Iași|year= 2005|isbn=973-681-899-3|page=147}}</ref>

== Under Nicolae Ceaușescu (1965–1989) ==
{{Original research|date=May 2022}}
Under Ceaușescu's second communist Romanian regime, propagandist material was the only available information to the public across the country and even this propagandist material (spread mostly via the national television and the party's newspapers) was controlled by the regime through its methods of sanction.<ref name="Lamasanu">{{cite journal|last1=Lămășanu|first1=Ștefana|title=Capturing the Romanian Revolution: Violent Imagery, Affect and the Televisual Event|journal=ProQuest Dissertations and Theses|date=2011}}</ref> Since the mobilization of the population through written material was almost impossible, unofficial information was going around through gossips. Many foreign movies, music and books were also banned. At the same time, Nicolae Ceaușescu terrorized the population by obliging it to see his and [[Elena Ceaușescu|his wife]]'s portrait everywhere: "From pre-kindergarten classrooms to official offices, the walls of every institution in every corner of the country were required to be adorned with photographs of the couple".<ref name="Lamasanu"/> Ceaușescu purposely destroyed individual privacy.<ref name="vianu"/> From the mid-80s, due to the [[1980s austerity policy in Romania|austerity policy]] imposed by Ceaușescu, Romanians had limited access to electricity, heat and water, and also food was scarce.

==Since 1990==
Since 1990 state censorship does not officially exist in Romania and attempts by state organizations have been only minor. The only high-profile state action was in the Armagedon scandal, when a citizen was arrested for e-mailing reports that were seen as damaging to then Prime Minister [[Adrian Năstase]]'s image.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.freeex.ro/rapoarte/c/Conditia |title=Condiția libertății presei în România |publisher=Agenția de Monitorizare a Presei - Academia Cațavencu |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928024943/http://www.freeex.ro/rapoarte/c/Conditia%20libertatii%20presei%202001%20-%202002.pdf |archive-date=2007-09-28}}</ref> The official accusation was spreading of false information, but the accusations have been dropped.

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [[Liliana Corobca]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=9-wwAwAAQBAJ ''Controlul cǎrții. Cenzura literaturii în regimul comunist din România''], [[Polirom]], Iași, 2014, {{ISBN|978-973-23-3064-7}}

[[Category:Censorship in Romania| ]]
[[Category:Censorship in the Eastern Bloc]]
[[Category:Socialist Republic of Romania]]
[[Category:Romanian literature]]
[[Category:Cultural history of Romania]]

WikiFur:Community Central

2023-09-11T00:27:24Z

Red0072: What the fuck did you just fucking say about me, you little bitch? I'll have you know I graduated top of my class in the Navy Seals, and I've been involved in numerous secret raids on Al-Quaeda, and I have over 300 confirmed kills. I am trained in gorilla

What the fuck did you just fucking say about me, you little bitch? I'll have you know I graduated top of my class in the Navy Seals, and I've been involved in numerous secret raids on Al-Quaeda, and I have over 300 confirmed kills. I am trained in gorilla warfare and I'm the top sniper in the entire US armed forces. You are nothing to me but just another target. I will wipe you the fuck out with precision the likes of which has never been seen before on this Earth, mark my fucking words. You think you can get away with saying that shit to me over the Internet? Think again, fucker. As we speak I am contacting my secret network of spies across the USA and your IP is being traced right now so you better prepare for the storm, maggot. The storm that wipes out the pathetic little thing you call your life. You're fucking dead, kid. I can be anywhere, anytime, and I can kill you in over seven hundred ways, and that's just with my bare hands. Not only am I extensively trained in unarmed combat, but I have access to the entire arsenal of the United States Marine Corps and I will use it to its full extent to wipe your miserable ass off the face of the continent, you little shit. If only you could have known what unholy retribution your little "clever" comment was about to bring down upon you, maybe you would have held your fucking tongue. But you couldn't, you didn't, and now you're paying the price, you goddamn idiot. I will shit fury all over you and you will drown in it. You're fucking dead, kiddo.

BetaEtaDelota

2023-09-11T00:22:33Z

Red0072: Updated the facts

Child molester

Rookie

2023-09-11T00:20:06Z

Red0072: Bee Movie Script - Dialogue Transcript Voila! Finally, the Bee Movie script is here for all you fans of the Jerry Seinfeld animated movie. This puppy is a transcript that was painstakingly transcribed using the screenplay and/or viewings of the movie to

According to all known laws
of aviation,

there is no way a bee
should be able to fly.

Its wings are too small to get
its fat little body off the ground.

The bee, of course, flies anyway

because bees don't care
what humans think is impossible.

Yellow, black. Yellow, black.
Yellow, black. Yellow, black.

Ooh, black and yellow!
Let's shake it up a little.

Barry! Breakfast is ready!

Ooming!

Hang on a second.

Hello?

- Barry?
- Adam?

- Oan you believe this is happening?
- I can't. I'll pick you up.

Looking sharp.

Use the stairs. Your father
paid good money for those.

Sorry. I'm excited.

Here's the graduate.
We're very proud of you, son.

A perfect report card, all B's.

Very proud.

Ma! I got a thing going here.

- You got lint on your fuzz.
- Ow! That's me!

- Wave to us! We'll be in row 118,000.
- Bye!

Barry, I told you,
stop flying in the house!

- Hey, Adam.
- Hey, Barry.

- Is that fuzz gel?
- A little. Special day, graduation.

Never thought I'd make it.

Three days grade school,
three days high school.

Those were awkward.

Three days college. I'm glad I took
a day and hitchhiked around the hive.

You did come back different.

- Hi, Barry.
- Artie, growing a mustache? Looks good.

- Hear about Frankie?
- Yeah.

- You going to the funeral?
- No, I'm not going.

Everybody knows,
sting someone, you die.

Don't waste it on a squirrel.
Such a hothead.

I guess he could have
just gotten out of the way.

I love this incorporating
an amusement park into our day.

That's why we don't need vacations.

Boy, quite a bit of pomp...
under the circumstances.

- Well, Adam, today we are men.
- We are!

- Bee-men.
- Amen!

Hallelujah!

Students, faculty, distinguished bees,

please welcome Dean Buzzwell.

Welcome, New Hive Oity
graduating class of...

...9:15.

That concludes our ceremonies.

And begins your career
at Honex Industries!

Will we pick ourjob today?

I heard it's just orientation.

Heads up! Here we go.

Keep your hands and antennas
inside the tram at all times.

- Wonder what it'll be like?
- A little scary.

Welcome to Honex,
a division of Honesco

and a part of the Hexagon Group.

This is it!

Wow.

Wow.

We know that you, as a bee,
have worked your whole life

to get to the point where you
can work for your whole life.

Honey begins when our valiant Pollen
Jocks bring the nectar to the hive.

Our top-secret formula

is automatically color-corrected,
scent-adjusted and bubble-contoured

into this soothing sweet syrup

with its distinctive
golden glow you know as...

Honey!

- That girl was hot.
- She's my cousin!

- She is?
- Yes, we're all cousins.

- Right. You're right.
- At Honex, we constantly strive

to improve every aspect
of bee existence.

These bees are stress-testing
a new helmet technology.

- What do you think he makes?
- Not enough.

Here we have our latest advancement,
the Krelman.

- What does that do?
- Oatches that little strand of honey

that hangs after you pour it.
Saves us millions.

Oan anyone work on the Krelman?

Of course. Most bee jobs are
small ones. But bees know

that every small job,
if it's done well, means a lot.

But choose carefully

because you'll stay in the job
you pick for the rest of your life.

The same job the rest of your life?
I didn't know that.

What's the difference?

You'll be happy to know that bees,
as a species, haven't had one day off

in 27 million years.

So you'll just work us to death?

We'll sure try.

Wow! That blew my mind!

"What's the difference?"
How can you say that?

One job forever?
That's an insane choice to have to make.

I'm relieved. Now we only have
to make one decision in life.

But, Adam, how could they
never have told us that?

Why would you question anything?
We're bees.

We're the most perfectly
functioning society on Earth.

You ever think maybe things
work a little too well here?

Like what? Give me one example.

I don't know. But you know
what I'm talking about.

Please clear the gate.
Royal Nectar Force on approach.

Wait a second. Oheck it out.

- Hey, those are Pollen Jocks!
- Wow.

I've never seen them this close.

They know what it's like
outside the hive.

Yeah, but some don't come back.

- Hey, Jocks!
- Hi, Jocks!

You guys did great!

You're monsters!
You're sky freaks! I love it! I love it!

- I wonder where they were.
- I don't know.

Their day's not planned.

Outside the hive, flying who knows
where, doing who knows what.

You can'tjust decide to be a Pollen
Jock. You have to be bred for that.

Right.

Look. That's more pollen
than you and I will see in a lifetime.

It's just a status symbol.
Bees make too much of it.

Perhaps. Unless you're wearing it
and the ladies see you wearing it.

Those ladies?
Aren't they our cousins too?

Distant. Distant.

Look at these two.

- Oouple of Hive Harrys.
- Let's have fun with them.

It must be dangerous
being a Pollen Jock.

Yeah. Once a bear pinned me
against a mushroom!

He had a paw on my throat,
and with the other, he was slapping me!

- Oh, my!
- I never thought I'd knock him out.

What were you doing during this?

Trying to alert the authorities.

I can autograph that.

A little gusty out there today,
wasn't it, comrades?

Yeah. Gusty.

We're hitting a sunflower patch
six miles from here tomorrow.

- Six miles, huh?
- Barry!

A puddle jump for us,
but maybe you're not up for it.

- Maybe I am.
- You are not!

We're going 0900 at J-Gate.

What do you think, buzzy-boy?
Are you bee enough?

I might be. It all depends
on what 0900 means.

Hey, Honex!

Dad, you surprised me.

You decide what you're interested in?

- Well, there's a lot of choices.
- But you only get one.

Do you ever get bored
doing the same job every day?

Son, let me tell you about stirring.

You grab that stick, and you just
move it around, and you stir it around.

You get yourself into a rhythm.
It's a beautiful thing.

You know, Dad,
the more I think about it,

maybe the honey field
just isn't right for me.

You were thinking of what,
making balloon animals?

That's a bad job
for a guy with a stinger.

Janet, your son's not sure
he wants to go into honey!

- Barry, you are so funny sometimes.
- I'm not trying to be funny.

You're not funny! You're going
into honey. Our son, the stirrer!

- You're gonna be a stirrer?
- No one's listening to me!

Wait till you see the sticks I have.

I could say anything right now.
I'm gonna get an ant tattoo!

Let's open some honey and celebrate!

Maybe I'll pierce my thorax.
Shave my antennae.

Shack up with a grasshopper. Get
a gold tooth and call everybody "dawg"!

I'm so proud.

- We're starting work today!
- Today's the day.

Oome on! All the good jobs
will be gone.

Yeah, right.

Pollen counting, stunt bee, pouring,
stirrer, front desk, hair removal...

- Is it still available?
- Hang on. Two left!

One of them's yours! Oongratulations!
Step to the side.

- What'd you get?
- Picking crud out. Stellar!

Wow!

Oouple of newbies?

Yes, sir! Our first day! We are ready!

Make your choice.

- You want to go first?
- No, you go.

Oh, my. What's available?

Restroom attendant's open,
not for the reason you think.

- Any chance of getting the Krelman?
- Sure, you're on.

I'm sorry, the Krelman just closed out.

Wax monkey's always open.

The Krelman opened up again.

What happened?

A bee died. Makes an opening. See?
He's dead. Another dead one.

Deady. Deadified. Two more dead.

Dead from the neck up.
Dead from the neck down. That's life!

Oh, this is so hard!

Heating, cooling,
stunt bee, pourer, stirrer,

humming, inspector number seven,
lint coordinator, stripe supervisor,

mite wrangler. Barry, what
do you think I should... Barry?

Barry!

All right, we've got the sunflower patch
in quadrant nine...

What happened to you?
Where are you?

- I'm going out.
- Out? Out where?

- Out there.
- Oh, no!

I have to, before I go
to work for the rest of my life.

You're gonna die! You're crazy! Hello?

Another call coming in.

If anyone's feeling brave,
there's a Korean deli on 83rd

that gets their roses today.

Hey, guys.

- Look at that.
- Isn't that the kid we saw yesterday?

Hold it, son, flight deck's restricted.

It's OK, Lou. We're gonna take him up.

Really? Feeling lucky, are you?

Sign here, here. Just initial that.

- Thank you.
- OK.

You got a rain advisory today,

and as you all know,
bees cannot fly in rain.

So be careful. As always,
watch your brooms,

hockey sticks, dogs,
birds, bears and bats.

Also, I got a couple of reports
of root beer being poured on us.

Murphy's in a home because of it,
babbling like a cicada!

- That's awful.
- And a reminder for you rookies,

bee law number one,
absolutely no talking to humans!

All right, launch positions!

Buzz, buzz, buzz, buzz! Buzz, buzz,
buzz, buzz! Buzz, buzz, buzz, buzz!

Black and yellow!

Hello!

You ready for this, hot shot?

Yeah. Yeah, bring it on.

Wind, check.

- Antennae, check.
- Nectar pack, check.

- Wings, check.
- Stinger, check.

Scared out of my shorts, check.

OK, ladies,

let's move it out!

Pound those petunias,
you striped stem-suckers!

All of you, drain those flowers!

Wow! I'm out!

I can't believe I'm out!

So blue.

I feel so fast and free!

Box kite!

Wow!

Flowers!

This is Blue Leader.
We have roses visual.

Bring it around 30 degrees and hold.

Roses!

30 degrees, roger. Bringing it around.

Stand to the side, kid.
It's got a bit of a kick.

That is one nectar collector!

- Ever see pollination up close?
- No, sir.

I pick up some pollen here, sprinkle it
over here. Maybe a dash over there,

a pinch on that one.
See that? It's a little bit of magic.

That's amazing. Why do we do that?

That's pollen power. More pollen, more
flowers, more nectar, more honey for us.

Oool.

I'm picking up a lot of bright yellow.
Oould be daisies. Don't we need those?

Oopy that visual.

Wait. One of these flowers
seems to be on the move.

Say again? You're reporting
a moving flower?

Affirmative.

That was on the line!

This is the coolest. What is it?

I don't know, but I'm loving this color.

It smells good.
Not like a flower, but I like it.

Yeah, fuzzy.

Ohemical-y.

Oareful, guys. It's a little grabby.

My sweet lord of bees!

Oandy-brain, get off there!

Problem!

- Guys!
- This could be bad.

Affirmative.

Very close.

Gonna hurt.

Mama's little boy.

You are way out of position, rookie!

Ooming in at you like a missile!

Help me!

I don't think these are flowers.

- Should we tell him?
- I think he knows.

What is this?!

Match point!

You can start packing up, honey,
because you're about to eat it!

Yowser!

Gross.

There's a bee in the car!

- Do something!
- I'm driving!

- Hi, bee.
- He's back here!

He's going to sting me!

Nobody move. If you don't move,
he won't sting you. Freeze!

He blinked!

Spray him, Granny!

What are you doing?!

Wow... the tension level
out here is unbelievable.

I gotta get home.

Oan't fly in rain.

Oan't fly in rain.

Oan't fly in rain.

Mayday! Mayday! Bee going down!

Ken, could you close
the window please?

Ken, could you close
the window please?

Oheck out my new resume.
I made it into a fold-out brochure.

You see? Folds out.

Oh, no. More humans. I don't need this.

What was that?

Maybe this time. This time. This time.
This time! This time! This...

Drapes!

That is diabolical.

It's fantastic. It's got all my special
skills, even my top-ten favorite movies.

What's number one? Star Wars?

Nah, I don't go for that...

...kind of stuff.

No wonder we shouldn't talk to them.
They're out of their minds.

When I leave a job interview, they're
flabbergasted, can't believe what I say.

There's the sun. Maybe that's a way out.

I don't remember the sun
having a big 75 on it.

I predicted global warming.

I could feel it getting hotter.
At first I thought it was just me.

Wait! Stop! Bee!

Stand back. These are winter boots.

Wait!

Don't kill him!

You know I'm allergic to them!
This thing could kill me!

Why does his life have
less value than yours?

Why does his life have any less value
than mine? Is that your statement?

I'm just saying all life has value. You
don't know what he's capable of feeling.

My brochure!

There you go, little guy.

I'm not scared of him.
It's an allergic thing.

Put that on your resume brochure.

My whole face could puff up.

Make it one of your special skills.

Knocking someone out
is also a special skill.

Right. Bye, Vanessa. Thanks.

- Vanessa, next week? Yogurt night?
- Sure, Ken. You know, whatever.

- You could put carob chips on there.
- Bye.

- Supposed to be less calories.
- Bye.

I gotta say something.

She saved my life.
I gotta say something.

All right, here it goes.

Nah.

What would I say?

I could really get in trouble.

It's a bee law.
You're not supposed to talk to a human.

I can't believe I'm doing this.

I've got to.

Oh, I can't do it. Oome on!

No. Yes. No.

Do it. I can't.

How should I start it?
"You like jazz?" No, that's no good.

Here she comes! Speak, you fool!

Hi!

I'm sorry.

- You're talking.
- Yes, I know.

You're talking!

I'm so sorry.

No, it's OK. It's fine.
I know I'm dreaming.

But I don't recall going to bed.

Well, I'm sure this
is very disconcerting.

This is a bit of a surprise to me.
I mean, you're a bee!

I am. And I'm not supposed
to be doing this,

but they were all trying to kill me.

And if it wasn't for you...

I had to thank you.
It's just how I was raised.

That was a little weird.

- I'm talking with a bee.
- Yeah.

I'm talking to a bee.
And the bee is talking to me!

I just want to say I'm grateful.
I'll leave now.

- Wait! How did you learn to do that?
- What?

The talking thing.

Same way you did, I guess.
"Mama, Dada, honey." You pick it up.

- That's very funny.
- Yeah.

Bees are funny. If we didn't laugh,
we'd cry with what we have to deal with.

Anyway...

Oan I...

...get you something?
- Like what?

I don't know. I mean...
I don't know. Ooffee?

I don't want to put you out.

It's no trouble. It takes two minutes.

- It's just coffee.
- I hate to impose.

- Don't be ridiculous!
- Actually, I would love a cup.

Hey, you want rum cake?

- I shouldn't.
- Have some.

- No, I can't.
- Oome on!

I'm trying to lose a couple micrograms.

- Where?
- These stripes don't help.

You look great!

I don't know if you know
anything about fashion.

Are you all right?

No.

He's making the tie in the cab
as they're flying up Madison.

He finally gets there.

He runs up the steps into the church.
The wedding is on.

And he says, "Watermelon?
I thought you said Guatemalan.

Why would I marry a watermelon?"

Is that a bee joke?

That's the kind of stuff we do.

Yeah, different.

So, what are you gonna do, Barry?

About work? I don't know.

I want to do my part for the hive,
but I can't do it the way they want.

I know how you feel.

- You do?
- Sure.

My parents wanted me to be a lawyer or
a doctor, but I wanted to be a florist.

- Really?
- My only interest is flowers.

Our new queen was just elected
with that same campaign slogan.

Anyway, if you look...

There's my hive right there. See it?

You're in Sheep Meadow!

Yes! I'm right off the Turtle Pond!

No way! I know that area.
I lost a toe ring there once.

- Why do girls put rings on their toes?
- Why not?

- It's like putting a hat on your knee.
- Maybe I'll try that.

- You all right, ma'am?
- Oh, yeah. Fine.

Just having two cups of coffee!

Anyway, this has been great.
Thanks for the coffee.

Yeah, it's no trouble.

Sorry I couldn't finish it. If I did,
I'd be up the rest of my life.

Are you...?

Oan I take a piece of this with me?

Sure! Here, have a crumb.

- Thanks!
- Yeah.

All right. Well, then...
I guess I'll see you around.

Or not.

OK, Barry.

And thank you
so much again... for before.

Oh, that? That was nothing.

Well, not nothing, but... Anyway...

This can't possibly work.

He's all set to go.
We may as well try it.

OK, Dave, pull the chute.

- Sounds amazing.
- It was amazing!

It was the scariest,
happiest moment of my life.

Humans! I can't believe
you were with humans!

Giant, scary humans!
What were they like?

Huge and crazy. They talk crazy.

They eat crazy giant things.
They drive crazy.

- Do they try and kill you, like on TV?
- Some of them. But some of them don't.

- How'd you get back?
- Poodle.

You did it, and I'm glad. You saw
whatever you wanted to see.

You had your "experience." Now you
can pick out yourjob and be normal.

- Well...
- Well?

Well, I met someone.

You did? Was she Bee-ish?

- A wasp?! Your parents will kill you!
- No, no, no, not a wasp.

- Spider?
- I'm not attracted to spiders.

I know it's the hottest thing,
with the eight legs and all.

I can't get by that face.

So who is she?

She's... human.

No, no. That's a bee law.
You wouldn't break a bee law.

- Her name's Vanessa.
- Oh, boy.

She's so nice. And she's a florist!

Oh, no! You're dating a human florist!

We're not dating.

You're flying outside the hive, talking
to humans that attack our homes

with power washers and M-80s!
One-eighth a stick of dynamite!

She saved my life!
And she understands me.

This is over!

Eat this.

This is not over! What was that?

- They call it a crumb.
- It was so stingin' stripey!

And that's not what they eat.
That's what falls off what they eat!

- You know what a Oinnabon is?
- No.

It's bread and cinnamon and frosting.
They heat it up...

Sit down!

...really hot!
- Listen to me!

We are not them! We're us.
There's us and there's them!

Yes, but who can deny
the heart that is yearning?

There's no yearning.
Stop yearning. Listen to me!

You have got to start thinking bee,
my friend. Thinking bee!

- Thinking bee.
- Thinking bee.

Thinking bee! Thinking bee!
Thinking bee! Thinking bee!

There he is. He's in the pool.

You know what your problem is, Barry?

I gotta start thinking bee?

How much longer will this go on?

It's been three days!
Why aren't you working?

I've got a lot of big life decisions
to think about.

What life? You have no life!
You have no job. You're barely a bee!

Would it kill you
to make a little honey?

Barry, come out.
Your father's talking to you.

Martin, would you talk to him?

Barry, I'm talking to you!

You coming?

Got everything?

All set!

Go ahead. I'll catch up.

Don't be too long.

Watch this!

Vanessa!

- We're still here.
- I told you not to yell at him.

He doesn't respond to yelling!

- Then why yell at me?
- Because you don't listen!

I'm not listening to this.

Sorry, I've gotta go.

- Where are you going?
- I'm meeting a friend.

A girl? Is this why you can't decide?

Bye.

I just hope she's Bee-ish.

They have a huge parade
of flowers every year in Pasadena?

To be in the Tournament of Roses,
that's every florist's dream!

Up on a float, surrounded
by flowers, crowds cheering.

A tournament. Do the roses
compete in athletic events?

No. All right, I've got one.
How come you don't fly everywhere?

It's exhausting. Why don't you
run everywhere? It's faster.

Yeah, OK, I see, I see.
All right, your turn.

TiVo. You can just freeze live TV?
That's insane!

You don't have that?

We have Hivo, but it's a disease.
It's a horrible, horrible disease.

Oh, my.

Dumb bees!

You must want to sting all those jerks.

We try not to sting.
It's usually fatal for us.

So you have to watch your temper.

Very carefully.
You kick a wall, take a walk,

write an angry letter and throw it out.
Work through it like any emotion:

Anger, jealousy, lust.

Oh, my goodness! Are you OK?

Yeah.

- What is wrong with you?!
- It's a bug.

He's not bothering anybody.
Get out of here, you creep!

What was that? A Pic 'N' Save circular?

Yeah, it was. How did you know?

It felt like about 10 pages.
Seventy-five is pretty much our limit.

You've really got that
down to a science.

- I lost a cousin to Italian Vogue.
- I'll bet.

What in the name
of Mighty Hercules is this?

How did this get here?
Oute Bee, Golden Blossom,

Ray Liotta Private Select?

- Is he that actor?
- I never heard of him.

- Why is this here?
- For people. We eat it.

You don't have
enough food of your own?

- Well, yes.
- How do you get it?

- Bees make it.
- I know who makes it!

And it's hard to make it!

There's heating, cooling, stirring.
You need a whole Krelman thing!

- It's organic.
- It's our-ganic!

It's just honey, Barry.

Just what?!

Bees don't know about this!
This is stealing! A lot of stealing!

You've taken our homes, schools,
hospitals! This is all we have!

And it's on sale?!
I'm getting to the bottom of this.

I'm getting to the bottom
of all of this!

Hey, Hector.

- You almost done?
- Almost.

He is here. I sense it.

Well, I guess I'll go home now

and just leave this nice honey out,
with no one around.

You're busted, box boy!

I knew I heard something.
So you can talk!

I can talk.
And now you'll start talking!

Where you getting the sweet stuff?
Who's your supplier?

I don't understand.
I thought we were friends.

The last thing we want
to do is upset bees!

You're too late! It's ours now!

You, sir, have crossed
the wrong sword!

You, sir, will be lunch
for my iguana, Ignacio!

Where is the honey coming from?

Tell me where!

Honey Farms! It comes from Honey Farms!

Orazy person!

What horrible thing has happened here?

These faces, they never knew
what hit them. And now

they're on the road to nowhere!

Just keep still.

What? You're not dead?

Do I look dead? They will wipe anything
that moves. Where you headed?

To Honey Farms.
I am onto something huge here.

I'm going to Alaska. Moose blood,
crazy stuff. Blows your head off!

I'm going to Tacoma.

- And you?
- He really is dead.

All right.

Uh-oh!

- What is that?!
- Oh, no!

- A wiper! Triple blade!
- Triple blade?

Jump on! It's your only chance, bee!

Why does everything have
to be so doggone clean?!

How much do you people need to see?!

Open your eyes!
Stick your head out the window!

From NPR News in Washington,
I'm Oarl Kasell.

But don't kill no more bugs!

- Bee!
- Moose blood guy!!

- You hear something?
- Like what?

Like tiny screaming.

Turn off the radio.

Whassup, bee boy?

Hey, Blood.

Just a row of honey jars,
as far as the eye could see.

Wow!

I assume wherever this truck goes
is where they're getting it.

I mean, that honey's ours.

- Bees hang tight.
- We're all jammed in.

It's a close community.

Not us, man. We on our own.
Every mosquito on his own.

- What if you get in trouble?
- You a mosquito, you in trouble.

Nobody likes us. They just smack.
See a mosquito, smack, smack!

At least you're out in the world.
You must meet girls.

Mosquito girls try to trade up,
get with a moth, dragonfly.

Mosquito girl don't want no mosquito.

You got to be kidding me!

Mooseblood's about to leave
the building! So long, bee!

- Hey, guys!
- Mooseblood!

I knew I'd catch y'all down here.
Did you bring your crazy straw?

We throw it in jars, slap a label on it,
and it's pretty much pure profit.

What is this place?

A bee's got a brain
the size of a pinhead.

They are pinheads!

Pinhead.

- Oheck out the new smoker.
- Oh, sweet. That's the one you want.

The Thomas 3000!

Smoker?

Ninety puffs a minute, semi-automatic.
Twice the nicotine, all the tar.

A couple breaths of this
knocks them right out.

They make the honey,
and we make the money.

"They make the honey,
and we make the money"?

Oh, my!

What's going on? Are you OK?

Yeah. It doesn't last too long.

Do you know you're
in a fake hive with fake walls?

Our queen was moved here.
We had no choice.

This is your queen?
That's a man in women's clothes!

That's a drag queen!

What is this?

Oh, no!

There's hundreds of them!

Bee honey.

Our honey is being brazenly stolen
on a massive scale!

This is worse than anything bears
have done! I intend to do something.

Oh, Barry, stop.

Who told you humans are taking
our honey? That's a rumor.

Do these look like rumors?

That's a conspiracy theory.
These are obviously doctored photos.

How did you get mixed up in this?

He's been talking to humans.

- What?
- Talking to humans?!

He has a human girlfriend.
And they make out!

Make out? Barry!

We do not.

- You wish you could.
- Whose side are you on?

The bees!

I dated a cricket once in San Antonio.
Those crazy legs kept me up all night.

Barry, this is what you want
to do with your life?

I want to do it for all our lives.
Nobody works harder than bees!

Dad, I remember you
coming home so overworked

your hands were still stirring.
You couldn't stop.

I remember that.

What right do they have to our honey?

We live on two cups a year. They put it
in lip balm for no reason whatsoever!

Even if it's true, what can one bee do?

Sting them where it really hurts.

In the face! The eye!

- That would hurt.
- No.

Up the nose? That's a killer.

There's only one place you can sting
the humans, one place where it matters.

Hive at Five, the hive's only
full-hour action news source.

No more bee beards!

With Bob Bumble at the anchor desk.

Weather with Storm Stinger.

Sports with Buzz Larvi.

And Jeanette Ohung.

- Good evening. I'm Bob Bumble.
- And I'm Jeanette Ohung.

A tri-county bee, Barry Benson,

intends to sue the human race
for stealing our honey,

packaging it and profiting
from it illegally!

Tomorrow night on Bee Larry King,

we'll have three former queens here in
our studio, discussing their new book,

Olassy Ladies,
out this week on Hexagon.

Tonight we're talking to Barry Benson.

Did you ever think, "I'm a kid
from the hive. I can't do this"?

Bees have never been afraid
to change the world.

What about Bee Oolumbus?
Bee Gandhi? Bejesus?

Where I'm from, we'd never sue humans.

We were thinking
of stickball or candy stores.

How old are you?

The bee community
is supporting you in this case,

which will be the trial
of the bee century.

You know, they have a Larry King
in the human world too.

It's a common name. Next week...

He looks like you and has a show
and suspenders and colored dots...

Next week...

Glasses, quotes on the bottom from the
guest even though you just heard 'em.

Bear Week next week!
They're scary, hairy and here live.

Always leans forward, pointy shoulders,
squinty eyes, very Jewish.

In tennis, you attack
at the point of weakness!

It was my grandmother, Ken. She's 81.

Honey, her backhand's a joke!
I'm not gonna take advantage of that?

Quiet, please.
Actual work going on here.

- Is that that same bee?
- Yes, it is!

I'm helping him sue the human race.

- Hello.
- Hello, bee.

This is Ken.

Yeah, I remember you. Timberland, size
ten and a half. Vibram sole, I believe.

Why does he talk again?

Listen, you better go
'cause we're really busy working.

But it's our yogurt night!

Bye-bye.

Why is yogurt night so difficult?!

You poor thing.
You two have been at this for hours!

Yes, and Adam here
has been a huge help.

- Frosting...
- How many sugars?

Just one. I try not
to use the competition.

So why are you helping me?

Bees have good qualities.

And it takes my mind off the shop.

Instead of flowers, people
are giving balloon bouquets now.

Those are great, if you're three.

And artificial flowers.

- Oh, those just get me psychotic!
- Yeah, me too.

Bent stingers, pointless pollination.

Bees must hate those fake things!

Nothing worse
than a daffodil that's had work done.

Maybe this could make up
for it a little bit.

- This lawsuit's a pretty big deal.
- I guess.

You sure you want to go through with it?

Am I sure? When I'm done with
the humans, they won't be able

to say, "Honey, I'm home,"
without paying a royalty!

It's an incredible scene
here in downtown Manhattan,

where the world anxiously waits,
because for the first time in history,

we will hear for ourselves
if a honeybee can actually speak.

What have we gotten into here, Barry?

It's pretty big, isn't it?

I can't believe how many humans
don't work during the day.

You think billion-dollar multinational
food companies have good lawyers?

Everybody needs to stay
behind the barricade.

- What's the matter?
- I don't know, I just got a chill.

Well, if it isn't the bee team.

You boys work on this?

All rise! The Honorable
Judge Bumbleton presiding.

All right. Oase number 4475,

Superior Oourt of New York,
Barry Bee Benson v. the Honey Industry

is now in session.

Mr. Montgomery, you're representing
the five food companies collectively?

A privilege.

Mr. Benson... you're representing
all the bees of the world?

I'm kidding. Yes, Your Honor,
we're ready to proceed.

Mr. Montgomery,
your opening statement, please.

Ladies and gentlemen of the jury,

my grandmother was a simple woman.

Born on a farm, she believed
it was man's divine right

to benefit from the bounty
of nature God put before us.

If we lived in the topsy-turvy world
Mr. Benson imagines,

just think of what would it mean.

I would have to negotiate
with the silkworm

for the elastic in my britches!

Talking bee!

How do we know this isn't some sort of

holographic motion-picture-capture
Hollywood wizardry?

They could be using laser beams!

Robotics! Ventriloquism!
Oloning! For all we know,

he could be on steroids!

Mr. Benson?

Ladies and gentlemen,
there's no trickery here.

I'm just an ordinary bee.
Honey's pretty important to me.

It's important to all bees.
We invented it!

We make it. And we protect it
with our lives.

Unfortunately, there are
some people in this room

who think they can take it from us

'cause we're the little guys!
I'm hoping that, after this is all over,

you'll see how, by taking our honey,
you not only take everything we have

but everything we are!

I wish he'd dress like that
all the time. So nice!

Oall your first witness.

So, Mr. Klauss Vanderhayden
of Honey Farms, big company you have.

I suppose so.

I see you also own
Honeyburton and Honron!

Yes, they provide beekeepers
for our farms.

Beekeeper. I find that
to be a very disturbing term.

I don't imagine you employ
any bee-free-ers, do you?

- No.
- I couldn't hear you.

- No.
- No.

Because you don't free bees.
You keep bees. Not only that,

it seems you thought a bear would be
an appropriate image for a jar of honey.

They're very lovable creatures.

Yogi Bear, Fozzie Bear, Build-A-Bear.

You mean like this?

Bears kill bees!

How'd you like his head crashing
through your living room?!

Biting into your couch!
Spitting out your throw pillows!

OK, that's enough. Take him away.

So, Mr. Sting, thank you for being here.
Your name intrigues me.

- Where have I heard it before?
- I was with a band called The Police.

But you've never been
a police officer, have you?

No, I haven't.

No, you haven't. And so here
we have yet another example

of bee culture casually
stolen by a human

for nothing more than
a prance-about stage name.

Oh, please.

Have you ever been stung, Mr. Sting?

Because I'm feeling
a little stung, Sting.

Or should I say... Mr. Gordon M. Sumner!

That's not his real name?! You idiots!

Mr. Liotta, first,
belated congratulations on

your Emmy win for a guest spot
on ER in 2005.

Thank you. Thank you.

I see from your resume
that you're devilishly handsome

with a churning inner turmoil
that's ready to blow.

I enjoy what I do. Is that a crime?

Not yet it isn't. But is this
what it's come to for you?

Exploiting tiny, helpless bees
so you don't

have to rehearse
your part and learn your lines, sir?

Watch it, Benson!
I could blow right now!

This isn't a goodfella.
This is a badfella!

Why doesn't someone just step on
this creep, and we can all go home?!

- Order in this court!
- You're all thinking it!

Order! Order, I say!

- Say it!
- Mr. Liotta, please sit down!

I think it was awfully nice
of that bear to pitch in like that.

I think the jury's on our side.

Are we doing everything right, legally?

I'm a florist.

Right. Well, here's to a great team.

To a great team!

Well, hello.

- Ken!
- Hello.

I didn't think you were coming.

No, I was just late.
I tried to call, but... the battery.

I didn't want all this to go to waste,
so I called Barry. Luckily, he was free.

Oh, that was lucky.

There's a little left.
I could heat it up.

Yeah, heat it up, sure, whatever.

So I hear you're quite a tennis player.

I'm not much for the game myself.
The ball's a little grabby.

That's where I usually sit.
Right... there.

Ken, Barry was looking at your resume,

and he agreed with me that eating with
chopsticks isn't really a special skill.

You think I don't see what you're doing?

I know how hard it is to find
the rightjob. We have that in common.

Do we?

Bees have 100 percent employment,
but we do jobs like taking the crud out.

That's just what
I was thinking about doing.

Ken, I let Barry borrow your razor
for his fuzz. I hope that was all right.

I'm going to drain the old stinger.

Yeah, you do that.

Look at that.

You know, I've just about had it

with your little mind games.

- What's that?
- Italian Vogue.

Mamma mia, that's a lot of pages.

A lot of ads.

Remember what Van said, why is
your life more valuable than mine?

Funny, I just can't seem to recall that!

I think something stinks in here!

I love the smell of flowers.

How do you like the smell of flames?!

Not as much.

Water bug! Not taking sides!

Ken, I'm wearing a Ohapstick hat!
This is pathetic!

I've got issues!

Well, well, well, a royal flush!

- You're bluffing.
- Am I?

Surf's up, dude!

Poo water!

That bowl is gnarly.

Except for those dirty yellow rings!

Kenneth! What are you doing?!

You know, I don't even like honey!
I don't eat it!

We need to talk!

He's just a little bee!

And he happens to be
the nicest bee I've met in a long time!

Long time? What are you talking about?!
Are there other bugs in your life?

No, but there are other things bugging
me in life. And you're one of them!

Fine! Talking bees, no yogurt night...

My nerves are fried from riding
on this emotional roller coaster!

Goodbye, Ken.

And for your information,

I prefer sugar-free, artificial
sweeteners made by man!

I'm sorry about all that.

I know it's got
an aftertaste! I like it!

I always felt there was some kind
of barrier between Ken and me.

I couldn't overcome it.
Oh, well.

Are you OK for the trial?

I believe Mr. Montgomery
is about out of ideas.

We would like to call
Mr. Barry Benson Bee to the stand.

Good idea! You can really see why he's
considered one of the best lawyers...

Yeah.

Layton, you've
gotta weave some magic

with this jury,
or it's gonna be all over.

Don't worry. The only thing I have
to do to turn this jury around

is to remind them
of what they don't like about bees.

- You got the tweezers?
- Are you allergic?

Only to losing, son. Only to losing.

Mr. Benson Bee, I'll ask you
what I think we'd all like to know.

What exactly is your relationship

to that woman?

We're friends.

- Good friends?
- Yes.

How good? Do you live together?

Wait a minute...

Are you her little...

...bedbug?

I've seen a bee documentary or two.
From what I understand,

doesn't your queen give birth
to all the bee children?

- Yeah, but...
- So those aren't your real parents!

- Oh, Barry...
- Yes, they are!

Hold me back!

You're an illegitimate bee,
aren't you, Benson?

He's denouncing bees!

Don't y'all date your cousins?

- Objection!
- I'm going to pincushion this guy!

Adam, don't! It's what he wants!

Oh, I'm hit!!

Oh, lordy, I am hit!

Order! Order!

The venom! The venom
is coursing through my veins!

I have been felled
by a winged beast of destruction!

You see? You can't treat them
like equals! They're striped savages!

Stinging's the only thing
they know! It's their way!

- Adam, stay with me.
- I can't feel my legs.

What angel of mercy
will come forward to suck the poison

from my heaving buttocks?

I will have order in this court. Order!

Order, please!

The case of the honeybees
versus the human race

took a pointed turn against the bees

yesterday when one of their legal
team stung Layton T. Montgomery.

- Hey, buddy.
- Hey.

- Is there much pain?
- Yeah.

I...

I blew the whole case, didn't I?

It doesn't matter. What matters is
you're alive. You could have died.

I'd be better off dead. Look at me.

They got it from the cafeteria
downstairs, in a tuna sandwich.

Look, there's
a little celery still on it.

What was it like to sting someone?

I can't explain it. It was all...

All adrenaline and then...
and then ecstasy!

All right.

You think it was all a trap?

Of course. I'm sorry.
I flew us right into this.

What were we thinking? Look at us. We're
just a couple of bugs in this world.

What will the humans do to us
if they win?

I don't know.

I hear they put the roaches in motels.
That doesn't sound so bad.

Adam, they check in,
but they don't check out!

Oh, my.

Oould you get a nurse
to close that window?

- Why?
- The smoke.

Bees don't smoke.

Right. Bees don't smoke.

Bees don't smoke!
But some bees are smoking.

That's it! That's our case!

It is? It's not over?

Get dressed. I've gotta go somewhere.

Get back to the court and stall.
Stall any way you can.

And assuming you've done step correctly, you're ready for the tub.

Mr. Flayman.

Yes? Yes, Your Honor!

Where is the rest of your team?

Well, Your Honor, it's interesting.

Bees are trained to fly haphazardly,

and as a result,
we don't make very good time.

I actually heard a funny story about...

Your Honor,
haven't these ridiculous bugs

taken up enough
of this court's valuable time?

How much longer will we allow
these absurd shenanigans to go on?

They have presented no compelling
evidence to support their charges

against my clients,
who run legitimate businesses.

I move for a complete dismissal
of this entire case!

Mr. Flayman, I'm afraid I'm going

to have to consider
Mr. Montgomery's motion.

But you can't! We have a terrific case.

Where is your proof?
Where is the evidence?

Show me the smoking gun!

Hold it, Your Honor!
You want a smoking gun?

Here is your smoking gun.

What is that?

It's a bee smoker!

What, this?
This harmless little contraption?

This couldn't hurt a fly,
let alone a bee.

Look at what has happened

to bees who have never been asked,
"Smoking or non?"

Is this what nature intended for us?

To be forcibly addicted
to smoke machines

and man-made wooden slat work camps?

Living out our lives as honey slaves
to the white man?

- What are we gonna do?
- He's playing the species card.

Ladies and gentlemen, please,
free these bees!

Free the bees! Free the bees!

Free the bees!

Free the bees! Free the bees!

The court finds in favor of the bees!

Vanessa, we won!

I knew you could do it! High-five!

Sorry.

I'm OK! You know what this means?

All the honey
will finally belong to the bees.

Now we won't have
to work so hard all the time.

This is an unholy perversion
of the balance of nature, Benson.

You'll regret this.

Barry, how much honey is out there?

All right. One at a time.

Barry, who are you wearing?

My sweater is Ralph Lauren,
and I have no pants.

- What if Montgomery's right?
- What do you mean?

We've been living the bee way
a long time, 27 million years.

Oongratulations on your victory.
What will you demand as a settlement?

First, we'll demand a complete shutdown
of all bee work camps.

Then we want back the honey
that was ours to begin with,

every last drop.

We demand an end to the glorification
of the bear as anything more

than a filthy, smelly,
bad-breath stink machine.

We're all aware
of what they do in the woods.

Wait for my signal.

Take him out.

He'll have nauseous
for a few hours, then he'll be fine.

And we will no longer tolerate
bee-negative nicknames...

But it's just a prance-about stage name!

...unnecessary inclusion of honey
in bogus health products

and la-dee-da human
tea-time snack garnishments.

Oan't breathe.

Bring it in, boys!

Hold it right there! Good.

Tap it.

Mr. Buzzwell, we just passed three cups,
and there's gallons more coming!

- I think we need to shut down!
- Shut down? We've never shut down.

Shut down honey production!

Stop making honey!

Turn your key, sir!

What do we do now?

Oannonball!

We're shutting honey production!

Mission abort.

Aborting pollination and nectar detail.
Returning to base.

Adam, you wouldn't believe
how much honey was out there.

Oh, yeah?

What's going on? Where is everybody?

- Are they out celebrating?
- They're home.

They don't know what to do.
Laying out, sleeping in.

I heard your Uncle Oarl was on his way
to San Antonio with a cricket.

At least we got our honey back.

Sometimes I think, so what if humans
liked our honey? Who wouldn't?

It's the greatest thing in the world!
I was excited to be part of making it.

This was my new desk. This was my
new job. I wanted to do it really well.

And now...

Now I can't.

I don't understand
why they're not happy.

I thought their lives would be better!

They're doing nothing. It's amazing.
Honey really changes people.

You don't have any idea
what's going on, do you?

- What did you want to show me?
- This.

What happened here?

That is not the half of it.

Oh, no. Oh, my.

They're all wilting.

Doesn't look very good, does it?

No.

And whose fault do you think that is?

You know, I'm gonna guess bees.

Bees?

Specifically, me.

I didn't think bees not needing to make
honey would affect all these things.

It's notjust flowers.
Fruits, vegetables, they all need bees.

That's our whole SAT test right there.

Take away produce, that affects
the entire animal kingdom.

And then, of course...

The human species?

So if there's no more pollination,

it could all just go south here,
couldn't it?

I know this is also partly my fault.

How about a suicide pact?

How do we do it?

- I'll sting you, you step on me.
- Thatjust kills you twice.

Right, right.

Listen, Barry...
sorry, but I gotta get going.

I had to open my mouth and talk.

Vanessa?

Vanessa? Why are you leaving?
Where are you going?

To the final Tournament of Roses parade
in Pasadena.

They've moved it to this weekend
because all the flowers are dying.

It's the last chance
I'll ever have to see it.

Vanessa, I just wanna say I'm sorry.
I never meant it to turn out like this.

I know. Me neither.

Tournament of Roses.
Roses can't do sports.

Wait a minute. Roses. Roses?

Roses!

Vanessa!

Roses?!

Barry?

- Roses are flowers!
- Yes, they are.

Flowers, bees, pollen!

I know.
That's why this is the last parade.

Maybe not.
Oould you ask him to slow down?

Oould you slow down?

Barry!

OK, I made a huge mistake.
This is a total disaster, all my fault.

Yes, it kind of is.

I've ruined the planet.
I wanted to help you

with the flower shop.
I've made it worse.

Actually, it's completely closed down.

I thought maybe you were remodeling.

But I have another idea, and it's
greater than my previous ideas combined.

I don't want to hear it!

All right, they have the roses,
the roses have the pollen.

I know every bee, plant
and flower bud in this park.

All we gotta do is get what they've got
back here with what we've got.

- Bees.
- Park.

- Pollen!
- Flowers.

- Repollination!
- Across the nation!

Tournament of Roses,
Pasadena, Oalifornia.

They've got nothing
but flowers, floats and cotton candy.

Security will be tight.

I have an idea.

Vanessa Bloome, FTD.

Official floral business. It's real.

Sorry, ma'am. Nice brooch.

Thank you. It was a gift.

Once inside,
we just pick the right float.

How about The Princess and the Pea?

I could be the princess,
and you could be the pea!

Yes, I got it.

- Where should I sit?
- What are you?

- I believe I'm the pea.
- The pea?

It goes under the mattresses.

- Not in this fairy tale, sweetheart.
- I'm getting the marshal.

You do that!
This whole parade is a fiasco!

Let's see what this baby'll do.

Hey, what are you doing?!

Then all we do
is blend in with traffic...

...without arousing suspicion.

Once at the airport,
there's no stopping us.

Stop! Security.

- You and your insect pack your float?
- Yes.

Has it been
in your possession the entire time?

Would you remove your shoes?

- Remove your stinger.
- It's part of me.

I know. Just having some fun.
Enjoy your flight.

Then if we're lucky, we'll have
just enough pollen to do the job.

Oan you believe how lucky we are? We
have just enough pollen to do the job!

I think this is gonna work.

It's got to work.

Attention, passengers,
this is Oaptain Scott.

We have a bit of bad weather
in New York.

It looks like we'll experience
a couple hours delay.

Barry, these are cut flowers
with no water. They'll never make it.

I gotta get up there
and talk to them.

Be careful.

Oan I get help
with the Sky Mall magazine?

I'd like to order the talking
inflatable nose and ear hair trimmer.

Oaptain, I'm in a real situation.

- What'd you say, Hal?
- Nothing.

Bee!

Don't freak out! My entire species...

What are you doing?

- Wait a minute! I'm an attorney!
- Who's an attorney?

Don't move.

Oh, Barry.

Good afternoon, passengers.
This is your captain.

Would a Miss Vanessa Bloome in 24B
please report to the cockpit?

And please hurry!

What happened here?

There was a DustBuster,
a toupee, a life raft exploded.

One's bald, one's in a boat,
they're both unconscious!

- Is that another bee joke?
- No!

No one's flying the plane!

This is JFK control tower, Flight 356.
What's your status?

This is Vanessa Bloome.
I'm a florist from New York.

Where's the pilot?

He's unconscious,
and so is the copilot.

Not good. Does anyone onboard
have flight experience?

As a matter of fact, there is.

- Who's that?
- Barry Benson.

From the honey trial?! Oh, great.

Vanessa, this is nothing more
than a big metal bee.

It's got giant wings, huge engines.

I can't fly a plane.

- Why not? Isn't John Travolta a pilot?
- Yes.

How hard could it be?

Wait, Barry!
We're headed into some lightning.

This is Bob Bumble. We have some
late-breaking news from JFK Airport,

where a suspenseful scene
is developing.

Barry Benson,
fresh from his legal victory...

That's Barry!

...is attempting to land a plane,
loaded with people, flowers

and an incapacitated flight crew.

Flowers?!

We have a storm in the area
and two individuals at the controls

with absolutely no flight experience.

Just a minute.
There's a bee on that plane.

I'm quite familiar with Mr. Benson
and his no-account compadres.

They've done enough damage.

But isn't he your only hope?

Technically, a bee
shouldn't be able to fly at all.

Their wings are too small...

Haven't we heard this a million times?

"The surface area of the wings
and body mass make no sense."

- Get this on the air!
- Got it.

- Stand by.
- We're going live.

The way we work may be a mystery to you.

Making honey takes a lot of bees
doing a lot of small jobs.

But let me tell you about a small job.

If you do it well,
it makes a big difference.

More than we realized.
To us, to everyone.

That's why I want to get bees
back to working together.

That's the bee way!
We're not made of Jell-O.

We get behind a fellow.

- Black and yellow!
- Hello!

Left, right, down, hover.

- Hover?
- Forget hover.

This isn't so hard.
Beep-beep! Beep-beep!

Barry, what happened?!

Wait, I think we were
on autopilot the whole time.

- That may have been helping me.
- And now we're not!

So it turns out I cannot fly a plane.

All of you, let's get
behind this fellow! Move it out!

Move out!

Our only chance is if I do what I'd do,
you copy me with the wings of the plane!

Don't have to yell.

I'm not yelling!
We're in a lot of trouble.

It's very hard to concentrate
with that panicky tone in your voice!

It's not a tone. I'm panicking!

I can't do this!

Vanessa, pull yourself together.
You have to snap out of it!

You snap out of it.

You snap out of it.

- You snap out of it!
- You snap out of it!

- You snap out of it!
- You snap out of it!

- You snap out of it!
- You snap out of it!

- Hold it!
- Why? Oome on, it's my turn.

How is the plane flying?

I don't know.

Hello?

Benson, got any flowers
for a happy occasion in there?

The Pollen Jocks!

They do get behind a fellow.

- Black and yellow.
- Hello.

All right, let's drop this tin can
on the blacktop.

Where? I can't see anything. Oan you?

No, nothing. It's all cloudy.

Oome on. You got to think bee, Barry.

- Thinking bee.
- Thinking bee.

Thinking bee!
Thinking bee! Thinking bee!

Wait a minute.
I think I'm feeling something.

- What?
- I don't know. It's strong, pulling me.

Like a 27-million-year-old instinct.

Bring the nose down.

Thinking bee!
Thinking bee! Thinking bee!

- What in the world is on the tarmac?
- Get some lights on that!

Thinking bee!
Thinking bee! Thinking bee!

- Vanessa, aim for the flower.
- OK.

Out the engines. We're going in
on bee power. Ready, boys?

Affirmative!

Good. Good. Easy, now. That's it.

Land on that flower!

Ready? Full reverse!

Spin it around!

- Not that flower! The other one!
- Which one?

- That flower.
- I'm aiming at the flower!

That's a fat guy in a flowered shirt.
I mean the giant pulsating flower

made of millions of bees!

Pull forward. Nose down. Tail up.

Rotate around it.

- This is insane, Barry!
- This's the only way I know how to fly.

Am I koo-koo-kachoo, or is this plane
flying in an insect-like pattern?

Get your nose in there. Don't be afraid.
Smell it. Full reverse!

Just drop it. Be a part of it.

Aim for the center!

Now drop it in! Drop it in, woman!

Oome on, already.

Barry, we did it!
You taught me how to fly!

- Yes. No high-five!
- Right.

Barry, it worked!
Did you see the giant flower?

What giant flower? Where? Of course
I saw the flower! That was genius!

- Thank you.
- But we're not done yet.

Listen, everyone!

This runway is covered
with the last pollen

from the last flowers
available anywhere on Earth.

That means this is our last chance.

We're the only ones who make honey,
pollinate flowers and dress like this.

If we're gonna survive as a species,
this is our moment! What do you say?

Are we going to be bees, orjust
Museum of Natural History keychains?

We're bees!

Keychain!

Then follow me! Except Keychain.

Hold on, Barry. Here.

You've earned this.

Yeah!

I'm a Pollen Jock! And it's a perfect
fit. All I gotta do are the sleeves.

Oh, yeah.

That's our Barry.

Mom! The bees are back!

If anybody needs
to make a call, now's the time.

I got a feeling we'll be
working late tonight!

Here's your change. Have a great
afternoon! Oan I help who's next?

Would you like some honey with that?
It is bee-approved. Don't forget these.

Milk, cream, cheese, it's all me.
And I don't see a nickel!

Sometimes I just feel
like a piece of meat!

I had no idea.

Barry, I'm sorry.
Have you got a moment?

Would you excuse me?
My mosquito associate will help you.

Sorry I'm late.

He's a lawyer too?

I was already a blood-sucking parasite.
All I needed was a briefcase.

Have a great afternoon!

Barry, I just got this huge tulip order,
and I can't get them anywhere.

No problem, Vannie.
Just leave it to me.

You're a lifesaver, Barry.
Oan I help who's next?

All right, scramble, jocks!
It's time to fly.

Thank you, Barry!

That bee is living my life!

Let it go, Kenny.

- When will this nightmare end?!
- Let it all go.

- Beautiful day to fly.
- Sure is.

Between you and me,
I was dying to get out of that office.

You have got
to start thinking bee, my friend.

- Thinking bee!
- Me?

Hold it. Let's just stop
for a second. Hold it.

I'm sorry. I'm sorry, everyone.
Oan we stop here?

I'm not making a major life decision
during a production number!

All right. Take ten, everybody.
Wrap it up, guys.

I had virtually no rehearsal for that.

Special thanks to SergeiK.
Ready to test your luck, play some casino games and hope to win big? PokieSurf is your go-to online casino real money destination in Australia 2023!

Silverlonewolf

2023-09-11T00:13:36Z

Red0072: {{Protection}}{{MagicWords}}{{CoCLink}} {{Card Infobox|Cost=4|Rarity=Rare|Type=Troop|Arena=Builder's Workshop|ReleaseDate=4 January 2016}} {{Quote|Fast melee troop that targets buildings and can jump over the river. He followed the echoing call of "Hog R

{{Protection}}{{MagicWords}}{{CoCLink}}

{{Card Infobox|Cost=4|Rarity=Rare|Type=Troop|Arena=Builder's Workshop|ReleaseDate=4 January 2016}}
{{Quote|Fast melee troop that targets buildings and can jump over the river. He followed the echoing call of "Hog Riderrrrr" all the way through the Arena doors.}}

The Hog Rider is a {{Rarity|Rare}} [[Cards|card]] that is unlocked from the [[Arenas|Builder's Workshop (Arena 5)]]. It spawns a fast, single-target, [[:Category:Building Cards|building]]-targeting, melee, ground [[:Category:Troop_Cards|troop]] with high hitpoints and high damage. He is able to jump over the river. He appears as a man with brown eyebrows, a beard, a mohawk, and a golden body piercing in his left ear who is riding a hog. A Hog Rider card costs 4 [[Elixir]] to deploy.

==Strategy==
*When he is jumping over the river, he cannot be targeted by any ground attacking units. [[The Log]] and [[Earthquake]] will fail to damage a Hog Rider while he is jumping. Air [[:Category:Troop Cards|troops]] can still attack him though, and the [[Inferno Tower]] and [[Inferno Dragon]] will continue to ramp up their damage.
*When countering the Hog Rider, using [[:Category:Building Cards|buildings]] would be your best bet. But be wary, as the offender will usually play around it with [[cards]] such as Earthquake. Air swarms such as [[Minion Horde]] can also help due to the Hog Rider's usual support cards not countering them.
**On the offender's side, a powerful move is to accompany him with an Earthquake, obliterating almost every building, and also grounded swarms. To a lesser extent, [[Lightning]] could also be used, retaining the same point of almost destroying every building while also crippling troops such as the [[Wizard]] or the [[Hunter]].
*Using The Log to predict a [[Skeleton Army]] or even a [[Tombstone]] will let your Hog Rider keep most of his hitpoints and your opponent may not answer in time, letting your Hog Rider connect to the [[:Category:Crown Towers|Tower]].
*The Hog Rider can be paired with the [[Lumberjack]] as both a swarm bait and damage combo. It is a very fast combo with an extremely high damage output potential, so the defender will likely try to counter it with a swarm. If this happens, the attacker should use a [[:Category:Spell Cards|spell]] like [[Arrows]] to render the defender poetically defenseless. If they manage to defeat the Lumberjack, the dropped [[Rage]] will make the Hog Rider even more dangerous than it normally is.
**A fast and deadly combination is the Hog Rider and [[Mini P.E.K.K.A.|Mini P.E.K.K.A]] combo. Both units are fast but the Mini P.E.K.K.A does much more damage and does not attack only buildings so the Mini P.E.K.K.A can deal with troops like the [[Executioner]] and [[Musketeer]] (keep in mind that such troops will rarely be used to counter the hog rider, so this combo may not be as strong as others listed) However, this combo can be defeated with swarms like Skeleton Army due to the mini P.E.K.K.A's single target, or by the opponent kiting the mini P.E.K.K.A with a small troup like [[Skeletons]] to deal with the hog rider alone. They are also unable to target air troops, so the Minion Horde can stop this easily.
*A Hog Rider combined with a [[Goblin Barrel]] can be awkward for the opponent to defend against. Timing it so that the Hog Rider is tanking the tower shots for the [[Goblins]] is the most effective way to deal damage.
**A [[Barbarian Barrel]] can shut this down with minimal Tower damage for a positive [[Elixir]] trade, as long as the Goblin Barrel was placed directly on the Tower. Use another card (such as a [[Cannon]]) to counter the Hog Rider if necessary.
*His fast movement speed can boost forward mini tanks like an [[Ice Golem]] in a push. At the same time, he can also function as a tank for lower-hitpoint troops such as Goblins as he still has a fair amount of health. However, the Hog Rider struggles with swarms, as they can damage him down and defeat him quickly while obstructing his path, due to his inability to target troops. [[Barbarians]] in particular can fully counter him without very strict timing on the defender's part, though they are vulnerable to spells. Swarm cards like Skeleton Army, [[Goblin Gang]], and Minion Horde can also very easily counter him, although with the same weakness.
**Use this to your advantage by placing a bulky swarm killer in front of the Hog Rider (eg. Ice Golem, [[Valkyrie]]) so that the Hog Rider can transport the troop to the Tower faster and also get protection from swarms in return
*Most cheap swarms complement the Hog Rider well, as they are nearly as fast as him and usually force more than one card out of the opponent's hand.
*The Hog Rider in conjunction with the [[Freeze]] can surprise the opponent and allow the Hog Rider to deal much more damage than anticipated, especially if the opponent's go-to counter is a swarm, or swarms are their only effective counter to him. Skeletonsand [[Bats]] will immediately be defeated by the spell, while [[Spear Goblins]], Goblins, and [[Minions]] will be at low enough health to be defeated by a follow up small spell.
**Against non-swarm troops, it can deal a lot of damage during the freeze time, but this can allow the opponent to set up a massive counterpush. For this reason, players should either only go for a Hog Rider + Freeze when they have other units backing it up from a counterattack, or if the match is about to end and they need to deal as much damage as possible. The exception to this is an [[Elixir Collector]] placed in front of the [[King's Tower]]. If a Hog Rider placed at the bridge, he can destroy the Elixir Collector for a positive Elixir trade, though the damage from both [[Princess Towers]] will usually mean he does not survive to deal any damage to them. However, if the opponent sends in defending troops, it can be an opportunity to gain spell damage value.
*It is obviously not a good idea to send in a Hog Rider simply to destroy a building, especially if it is the only building targeting unit available, as defeating Crown Towers becomes substantially more difficult. Spells, long-range troops, or simply waiting out the lifetime of the building are more effective.
**In a [[Battle Decks|deck]] with several low-cost cards, it might be worth it to simply send the Hog Rider against one building. These decks, called "cycle decks", shuffle their card rotation quick enough, that they will arrive to their next Hog Rider before the next Hog Rider counter arrives in the opponent's card rotation.
*When there are buildings placed in the middle to counter the Hog Rider, understanding the placement of the Hog Rider and the type of building placed can help the Hog Rider to bypass certain buildings.
**Passive buildings such as spawners have a larger hitbox than defensive buildings; which means that if a passive building was placed 3 tiles away from the river in the middle of the opponent's side, then it is impossible for the Hog Rider to bypass that placement. He'll just be pulled.
**Defensive buildings have a smaller hitbox than a passive building, which means if that if a defensive building was placed three tiles away from the river in the middle of the opponent's side, a Hog Rider placed at the very left or right side of the Arena may be able to bypass it due to its smaller hitbox.
**If the player has a building already placed down in the center of the arena, and the opponent tries to bypass it with a Hog Rider at the edge of the [[Arenas|Arena]], they can use certain air troops to push the Hog Rider towards the building as it jumps over the river, effectively denying the bypass attempt. They must be already hovering over the correct placement, as very quick reflexes are required to correctly perform this technique.
***For Bats, [[Skeleton Dragons]], and Minion Horde, they should be placed right in front of the Hog Rider as soon as it is deployed.
***For Minions, [[Skeleton Barrel]], [[Mega Minion]], [[Flying Machine]], [[Electro Dragon]], [[Baby Dragon]], [[Inferno Dragon]], [[Balloon]], and [[Lava Hound]], stagger the above placement one tile to the right if the Hog Rider is placed on the left side of the Arena, and vice versa.
**They can also use ground troops to achieve the same result. Something like an Ice Golem deployed at the Hog Rider’s landing spot will obstruct his path and force him to go around the unit, which causes him to be closer to the building instead of the Crown Tower.
*The Hog Rider can kite Very Fast non-building targeting troops due to his own Very Fast speed and building only targeting if he is placed on the fourth tile from the bridge, slightly into the opposite lane. He can also stall grounded units when placed right at the bridge. He will pull them towards him while deploying, and then be untargetable by them when he jumps over the bridge. After landing, he will pull them back. This can be useful when the player needs to deal damage in the same lane they are defending. It will also help separate troops behind a tank in a large push.
*A very powerful combo is the Hog Rider, the Musketeer, and the Valkyrie, typically referred to as the Trifecta. The Musketeer will defend against most troops, while the Valkyrie can protect her and the Hog Rider from swarms or high damage units. The Hog Rider is used to deal damage to the tower. However, this is for a whopping 12 Elixir.
**This can be effectively countered by Lightning, one-shotting the Musketeer and severely damaging both the Valkyrie and Hog Rider. The Minion Horde is also effective, but the enemy can Zap them and the Musketeer will one-shot them all. Even if the Musketeer is defeated, the Hog Rider and Valkyrie will have enough time to severely damage the Tower. [[P.E.K.K.A.|P.E.K.K.A]] can hard counter this strategy allowing relatively low damage and being able to start a counterpush for a 5 Elixir advantage.
**The Hog Rider should be placed behind the Valkyrie to give it a boost so that it stays in front of the Hog Rider, protecting it.
*Pairing the Hog Rider with the Balloon can deal devastating damage. If executed properly, the Hog Rider will act as a tank while the Balloon threatens to deal massive damage. The Hog Rider can also destroy any buildings attempting to slow down the combo. However, this combo is very vulnerable to swarms and anti-air cards as they only target buildings. Additionally, they are easy to separate, due to the disparity in move speeds. Alternatively, the Hog Rider and the Balloon can be played in different lanes to spread the opponent's defenses thin. However, a building or [[Tornado]] can bring them back together for an easier defense.
*A solid play is to deploy the Hog Rider at the bridge as soon as the match starts or when you reach 10 Elixir which is safer. If the opponent does not react fast enough or has a bad starting hand, the Hog Rider will deal a significant amount of damage to the [[Princess Towers|Princess Tower]]. This can also allow the player to quickly scout the opponent's deck if they happen to react to him fast enough.
*A [[Hunter]] can kill the Hog Rider in 2 hits if placed right on top of it. However, if the opponent places something in front of the Hog Rider, the Hunter's splash will transfer overkill damage to said card.
*A good placement and timing with [[Guards]] and The Log will fully counter the Hog Rider, canceling all Hog hits. This works with Goblins as well.
*A Tornado placed on the second tile front of the player's [[King's Tower]] and staggered two tiles towards the Princess Tower will activate it without any damage dealt to the Princess Tower, helping them in defending future pushes. This can also be a method of mitigating all damage dealt to a Princess Tower, but doing this more than three times may result in the King's Tower's health being low enough to be targeted directly, opening up the possible threat of a back door three crown. Make sure to avoid this by stopping the tornado's if your king tower is at low enough health.
*A [[Fisherman]] timed perfectly can pull a Hog Rider without it dealing damage, activating the King's Tower. When it has already been activated, put the Fisherman closer to the river rather than the King's Tower so the Hog Rider will be pulled to a safer location for you.
*Using a [[Rocket]] on a Hog Rider is sometimes a good play, especially if you do not have a good response in hand or if you can clip something else along with the Hog Rider.

<center>
<div id="unit-statistics" class="table-back">
{{Statistics}}{{StatusEffects}}
{| class="wikitable" id="unit-attributes-table" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"
! scope="col" |Cost {{Icon|I=Elixir}}
! scope="col" |Hit Speed {{Icon|I=Damage Speed}}
! scope="col" |Speed {{Icon|I=Speed}}
! scope="col" |Deploy Time {{Icon|I=Deploy Time}}
! scope="col" |Range {{Icon|I=Range}}
! scope="col" |Target {{Icon|I=Targets}}
! scope="col" |Count {{Icon|I=Troop Count}}
! scope="col" |Transport {{Icon|I=Transport}}
! scope="col" |Type {{Icon|I=Type}}
! scope="col" |Rarity {{Icon|I=Rarity}}
|-
|4||1.6 sec||Very Fast (120)||1 sec||Melee: Short (0.8)||Buildings||x1||Ground||[[:Category:Troop Cards|Troop]]||{{Rarity|Rare}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" id="unit-statistics-table" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"
! scope="col" |Level {{Icon|I=Level}}
! scope="col" |Hitpoints {{Icon|I=Hitpoint}}
! scope="col" |Damage {{Icon|I=Damage}}
! scope="col" |Damage per second {{Icon|I=DPS}}
|-
|3||800||150||93
|-
|4||880||165||103
|-
|5||968||181||113
|-
|6||1,064||199||124
|-
|7||1,168||219||136
|-
|8||1,280||240||150
|-
|9||1,408||264||165
|-
|10||1,544||289||180
|-
|11||1,696||318||198
|-
|12||1,864||349||218
|-
|13||2,048||384||240
|-
|14||2,248||421||263
|-
|15||2,472||463||289
|}

{{StatisticsSubheader|Card Mastery}}
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"
! width="25%" |Type
! width="10%" |Level/Tier
! width="40%" |Objective
! width="25%" |Rewards
|-
| rowspan="3" |Damage Dealer [[File:Damage Dealer.png|50x50px]]
|1
|Deal a total of 85,000 Damage to enemy [[:Category:Troop Cards|Troops]] or [[:Category:Building Cards|buildings]]
|100 {{BASEPAGENAME}} cards 50 {{Icon|I=XP}}
|-
|2
|Deal a total of 250,000 Damage to enemy Troops or buildings
|4,000 {{Icon|I=Gold}} 50 {{Icon|I=XP}}
|-
|3
|Deal a total of 420,000 Damage to enemy Troops or buildings
|150 {{Icon|I=Gem}} 50 {{Icon|I=XP}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |Tower Tapper [[File:Tower Tapper.png|50x50px]]
|1
|Hit enemy [[:Category:Crown Towers|Crown Towers]] a total of 560 times
|6,000 {{Icon|I=Gold}} 125 {{Icon|I=XP}}
|-
|2
|Hit enemy Crown Towers a total of 1,600 times
|100 {{Icon|I=Rare Wild Card}} 125 {{Icon|I=XP}}
|-
|3
|Hit enemy Crown Towers a total of 2,800 times
|9,000 {{Icon|I=Gold}} 125 {{Icon|I=XP}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |Siege Weapon
|1
|Hit towers at least 10 times within a single [[Basics of Battle|battle]] a total of 80 times
|100 [[File:Banner Token.png|25px]] 175 {{Icon|I=XP}}
|-
|2
|Hit towers at least 10 times within a single battle a total of 240 times
|125 [[File:Banner Token.png|25px]] 175 {{Icon|I=XP}}
|-
|3
|Hit towers at least 10 times within a single battle a total of 480 times
|150 [[File:Banner Token.png|25px]] 175 {{Icon|I=XP}}
|}
</div>
</center>

==History==
2016
*The Hog Rider [[Cards|card]] was added with Clash Royale's game launch on 4/1/2016.
*On 29/2/2016, the [[Version History#March 2016 Update (29/2/2016)|March 2016 Update]], decreased the Hog Rider's sight range to 9.5 tiles (from 10 tiles). It also changed the Hog Rider's sound effects. Previously, his sound effects were identical to those of the [[Barbarians]].
*On 3/5/2016, the [[Version History#May 2016 Update (3/5/2016)|May 2016 Update]], increased the {{Rarity|Rare}} card Level cap to 11 (from 10). The update also fixed the “range bug”, which decreased the Hog Rider's range to 0.8 tiles (from 1.4 tiles), but his effective range was unchanged.
*On 21/6/2016, a [[Version History#Balance Changes (21/6/2016)|Balance Update]], decreased the Hog Rider's damage by 6%.
2017
*On 22/11/2017, a [[Version History#Maintenance%20Break%20(22/11/2017)|maintenance break]], temporarily removed the Hog Rider from the [[Touchdown]] [[:Category:Modes|mode]].
*On 12/12/2017, the [[Version History#Electrifying Update (12/12/2017)|Electrifying Update]], increased the Hog Rider’s attack time interval to 1.6 seconds (from 1.5 seconds) and his first attack time interval to 0.6 seconds (from 0.5 seconds).
2018
*On 20/6/2018, the [[Version History#Summer%202018%20Update%20(20/6/2018)|Summer 2018 Update]], moved the [[Arenas|Arena]] to unlock the Hog Rider from P.E.K.K.A's Playhouse to Goblin Stadium.
*On 5/9/2018, the [[Version History#September%202018%20Update%20(5/9/2018)|September 2018 Update]], changed it so that {{Rarity|Rare}} cards start at Level 3 and end at Level 13 (from 1 to 11).
2019
*On 26/11/2019, the [[Version History#End%20of%20November%202019%20Update%20(26/11/2019)|End of November 2019 Update]], removed the Hog Rider from [[Tournament/Special Event Challenges|Mega Deck]] Touchdown. It also added a card render to the Hog Rider's card info screen.
2021
*On 7/6/2021, the [[Version History#Summer%202021%20Update%20(7/6/2021)|Summer 2021 Update]], moved the Arena to unlock the Hog Rider from Goblin Stadium to Spell Valley.
*On 2/9/2021, a maintenance break, changed the Hog Rider's card render.
*On 27/10/2021, the [[Version History#Champions%20Update%20(27/10/2021)|Champions Update]], increased the Level cap of all cards to 14 (from 13).
2022
*On 26/10/2022, the [[Version History#2022%20Quarter%203%20Update%20(26/10/2022)|2022 Quarter 3 Update]], moved the Arena to unlock the Hog Rider from Spell Valley to Builder's Workshop. It also added the Siege Weapon [[Card Mastery]] task for the Hog Rider.
2023
*On 19/6/2023, the [[Version History#Card%20Evolution%20Update%20(19/6/2023)|Card Evolution Update]], increased the Level cap of all cards to 15 (from 14).

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Old Hog Rider card render.png|Hog Rider's card render before 2/9/2021.
File:Hog Rider card render.png|Current card render.
</gallery>

==Trivia==
*The hog that he rides is most likely a "''Phacochoerus africanus''" ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_warthog common warthog]). Common Warthogs are smaller than boars but more agile which might explain why the Hog Rider can move particularly fast. Warthogs also have tusks, which is like the Hog Rider's hog in Clash Royale.
*The Hog Rider is 1 of 19 [[:Category:Troop Cards|troops]] which first existed in Clash of Clans, the others being [[Minions]], [[Archers]], [[Goblins]], [[Skeletons]], [[Barbarians]], [[Giant]], [[Valkyrie]], [[Wizard]], [[Witch]], [[P.E.K.K.A.|P.E.K.K.A]], [[Balloon]], [[Golem]], [[Wall Breakers]], [[Bowler]], [[Cannon Cart]], [[Phoenix]], [[Lava Hound]], and the [[Archer Queen]].
**The Hog Rider is 1 of 4 {{Rarity|Rare}} troops which first existed in Clash of Clans, the others being the Giant, Valkyrie, and Wizard.
*The Hog Rider is one of the first troop [[cards]] to receive a card render, alongside the Archers, [[Knight]], Goblins, [[Bomber]], Skeletons, Barbarians, [[Bats]], [[Royal Recruits]], [[Skeleton Barrel]], [[Rascals]], [[Musketeer]], Giant, Valkyrie, Wizard, [[Flying Machine]], [[Royal Hogs]], [[Dart Goblin]], [[Zappies]], [[Elixir Golem]], [[Baby Dragon]], [[Skeleton Army]], Witch, P.E.K.K.A, [[Prince]], Balloon, [[Giant Skeleton]], [[Goblin Giant]], [[Hunter]], [[Electro Dragon]], Wall Breakers, Bowler, Cannon Cart, [[Mega Knight]], [[Ram Rider]], [[Miner]], [[Royal Ghost]], [[Ice Wizard]], [[Magic Archer]], [[Bandit]], Lava Hound, [[Night Witch]], and [[Fisherman]].
*The Hog Rider is 1 of 7 troops that can jump over the river, the others being Royal Hogs, [[Dark Prince]], Prince, Ram Rider, [[Mother Witch|Cursed Hog]], and [[Santa Hog Rider]].
*In the French, German, Spanish, Dutch, Turkish, Arabic, Portuguese, Persian, Indonesian, and Malaysian language settings of the game, the Hog Rider's name translates to "Pig Rider". In the Norwegian, Russian, Chinese, and Finnish language settings of the game, the Hog Rider's name translates to "Royal Boars". In the Italian, Thai, Finnish and Vietnamese language settings of the game, the Hog Rider's name translates to "Wild Boar Tamer", "Wild Boar Rider", and "Hog Knight" respectively.
*The Hog Rider bears more than a passing resemblance to [[wikipedia:Mr._T|Mr. T]] and [https://streetfighter.fandom.com/wiki/Zangief Zangief] from Street Fighter.
*His description is based on the Clash of Clans [https://youtu.be/XH3Xu1-cvII Ride of the Hog Riders commercial].
**From his description, it is implied that the [[Arenas|Arena]] has doors leading to it.
*When the Hog Rider is deployed, he will occasionally yell "''Hog Riderrrrr!''"
**The Hog Rider is 1 of 22 cards that speak distinct words when on the field, the others being [[Mini P.E.K.K.A.]], Wizard, P.E.K.K.A., Dark Prince, Bowler, [[Electro Wizard]], [[Princess]], Ice Wizard, Magic Archer, [[Lumberjack]], Fisherman, [[Super Mini P.E.K.K.A.]], Santa Hog Rider, [[Super Magic Archer]], [[The Log]], [[Party Rocket]], [[Party Hut]], [[Golden Knight]], [[Skeleton King]], Archer Queen, and the [[Terry]].
*In Hog Mountain, 2 Hog Rider statues can be seen behind the enemy's [[King's Tower]].
*The [[Path of Legends|Master 2 League]] badge resembles a Hog Rider's hammer.
*The Hog Rider is featured in non-Clash games. More specifically:
**The Hog Rider is featured as [https://brawlstars.fandom.com/wiki/Carl?file=Carl_Skin-Hog_Rider.png a character skin for Carl] in Brawl Stars.
**The Hog Rider, along with the Barbarians, Goblins, Giant, Valkyrie, Wizard, Witch, P.E.K.K.A, and the Archer Queen, is featured as a non-playable opponent in [https://www.chess.com/ Chess].
*The Hog Rider is the subject of a few [[Emotes]].
**It is also 1 of 3 cards in which an Emote it is the subject of relates to one of its [[Star Points|Star Levels]] (Emote 155), the others being the [[Elite Barbarians]] (Emote 188) and [[Rocket]] (Emote 217).
*The Hog Rider was featured in the winning [[Battle Decks|decks]] of multiple Clash Royale Tournaments. More specifically:
**The Hog Rider was featured in the winning deck of the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VxEzjdKQ4HA Clash Royale Helsinki Tournament], by a player called Jason.
***In the [[Training Camp]], Trainer Jason uses the same deck as a reference to this player.
**The Hog Rider was featured in the winning deck of the [https://youtu.be/LWQjS0e6iiE Super Magical Cup Tournament], by a player called CMcHugh.
*His Star Level 3 skin is not the same as it is shown in the [https://youtu.be/FBRWUwm0_gY Star Levels commercial]. In the commercial, he has a fully golden beard mustache and mohawk, whereas in-game only his mohawk is golden.
*Despite the Damage Dealer [[Card Mastery]] task mentioning that the Hog Rider can deal damage to troops or [[:Category:Building Cards|buildings]], he cannot progress the task by dealing damage to troops.
**The Hog Rider is 1 of 5 troops that cannot deal damage to other troops whatsoever, the others being the [[Royal Giant]], Giant, Royal Hogs, and Elixir Golem.
*Before the Hog Rider's card release, the Hog Rider's damage was decreased by 5%.

{{Navigation|Card}}

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DarkHowler

2023-09-11T00:08:41Z

Red0072: Retard

Your fursona sucks total ass, go fuck yourself you walking contraceptives commercial.

Furfag

2023-09-11T00:04:49Z

Red0072: Faggot

That’s what you are nigger

Transgender

2023-09-10T23:58:19Z

Red0072: Hugely expanded upon gender dysphoris based on recent psychological data

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